Human Development

Table of Contents:
C H A P T E R 1 Introduction The Major Concerns of Science Continuity and Change in Development The Study of Human Development What Are the Goals of Developmental Psychologists? A Framework for Studying Development Major Domains of Development Processes of Development The Context of Development The Timing of Developmental Events Partitioning the Life Span: Cultural and Historical Perspectives The Age-Old Question: Who Am I? Cultural Variability Changing Conceptions of Age The Nature of Developmental Research Research Design The Longitudinal Design The Cross-Sectional Design Sequential Design The Experimental Design The Case-Study Method The Social Survey Method The Naturalistic Observation Method Cross-Cultural Studies Research Analysis Correlational Analysis Ethical Standards for Human Development Research Boxes: Further Developments: An In-Between Stage: Emerging Adulthood Human Diversity: Researching the Complex Effects of Immigration More Information You Can Use: Tips for Observing Children C H A P T E R 2 Theories of Development Theory: A Definition Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Development Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development Behavioral Theory Ivan Pavlov John Watson B.F. Skinner Humanistic Theory Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Cognitive Theory Jean Piaget: Cognitive Stages in Development Albert Bandura: Cognitive Learning Ecological Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky Classifying the Models Mechanistic and Organismic Models Continuity and Discontinuity in Development Nature Versus Nurture Behavioral Genetics Evolutionary Adaptation Boxes: Human Diversity: Psychological Research and Spiritual Traditions Further Developments: Theories of Emotions or Playing Mind Games More Information You Can Use: Putting Theory to Use in Your Life C H A P T E R 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Prenatal Development Reproduction The Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System How and When Fertilization Occurs Conceiving or Avoiding Conception Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology Ethical Dilemmas of Baby Making Birth Control Methods The Expanding Reproductive Years Heredity and Genetics The Human Genome Project Chromosomes and Genes Determination of an Embryo's Sex Principles of Genetics Genetic Counseling and Testing Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Prenatal Development The Germinal Period The Embryonic Period The Fetal Period Loss by Miscarriage or Stillbirth Prenatal Environmental Influences Boxes: Further Developments: Stem Cell Research: Making Progress or Opening Pandora's Box? More Information You Can Use: Major Breakthroughs in Infertility Treatments Human Diversity: Genetic Counseling and Testing Implications for Practice: Genetic Counselor C H A P T E R 4Birth and Physical Development The First Two Years Birth A Child Is Born into a Family Preparing for Childbirth Birthing Accommodations Stages of the Birth Process The Baby at Birth Caregiver-Infant Bonding Complications of Pregnancy and Birth Postpartum Experience for Mom and Dad Development of Basic Competencies Newborn States Brain Growth and Development Growth of Key Systems and the Brain Motor Development Sensory Development Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Options You May Have for a Birth Plan Human Diversity: Co-Sleeping, a Cross-Cultural View Further Developments: Childbirth in the United States C H A P T E R 5Infancy :Cognitive and Language Development Cognitive Development Making Connections Learning: A Definition When Infants Start Learning Piaget: The Sensorimotor Period Post-Piagetian Research Bruner on Modes of Cognitive Representation Continuity in Cognitive Development from Infancy Language and Thought The Functional Importance of Language Thought Shapes Language Language Shapes Thought Theories of Language Acquisition Nativist Theories Learning and Interactionist Theories A Resolution of Divergent Theories Language Development Communication Processes The Sequence of Language Development Bilingualism The Significance of Language Development Boxes: Further Developments: Babies in Diapers, Media Viewing, and Cognitive and Language Outcomes More Information You Can Use: What Do You Remember from Infancy? Human Diversity: Boosting Babies' Brain Power C H A P T E R 6Infancy :The Development of Emotional and Social Bonds Emotional Development The Role of Emotions Emotional Development in Infancy Attachment Temperament Theoretical Approaches to Social-Emotional Development The Psychoanalytic View The Psychosocial View The Behavioral (Learning) View The Cognitive View and Information Processing The Ecological View The Biological View Social Development Early Relationships and Child-Rearing The Mother as Caregiver The Father as Caregiver Grandparent or Kinship Care Gay and Lesbian Parents Sibling Relationships Cultural Differences in Child Rearing Child Care for Infants and Toddlers Caregiver-Infant Interaction Child-Care Centers Early Head Start Program Early Education across Cultures Infants and Toddlers at Risk Poverty Child Neglect and Abuse Breaking the Cycle of Violence Boxes: Further Developments: Rising Incidence of Autism Implications for Practice: Licensed Certified Social Worker More Information You Can Use: What Is Quality Child Care? Human Diversity: Interaction with Infants with Disabilities C H A P T E R 7Early Childhood:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development and Health Concerns Physical Growth and Motor-Skill Development Sensory Development The Brain and the Nervous System Nutrition and Health Issues Self-Care Behaviors Demographic Trends and Implications for Child Health Child Mortality Rates and Causes Cognitive Development Intelligence and Its Assessment Intelligence and the Nature-Nurture Debate Piaget's Theory of Preoperational Thought The Child's Theory of Mind Language Acquisition Language and Emotion Information Processing and Memory Early Memory Information Processing Metacognition and Metamemory Memory Strategies Moral Development Piaget's Theory Kohlberg's Theory Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Growth Charts, Ages 2 to 20 Further Developments: Household Lead Poisoning: Still a Problem Human Diversity: Health Beliefs and Practices across Cultures Implications for Practice: Speech-Language Pathologist C H A P T E R 8Early Childhood:Emotional and Social Development Emotional Development and Adjustment Thinking Tasks Are Critical to Emotional Development Timing and Sequence of Emotional Development Play Behaviors and Emotional-Social Development Emotional Response and Self-Regulation Acquiring Emotional Understanding The Development of Self-Awareness The Sense of Self Measuring a Child's Self-Esteem Gender Identification Gender Identity Influence of Biology, Brain, and Hormones Social Influences on Gender Behaviors Theories Regarding Acquisition of Gender Identity Mothers, Fathers, and Gender Typing Family Influences Families Convey Cultural Standards Determinants of Parenting Key Child-Rearing Practices Child Abuse Parenting Styles Sibling Relationships Nonfamilial Social Influences Peer Relationships and Friendships Aggression in Children Preschools and Head Start Media Influences Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Preparing the Nation's Most Vulnerable Children forKindergarten Human Diversity: Preparing for Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Settings Further Developments: Head Start: Affecting the Heart, Hands, Health, and Home C H A P T E R 9Middle Childhood:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development Growth and Body Changes Motor Development Brain Development Health and Fitness Issues Cognitive Development Cognitive Sophistication Information Processing: Another View on Cognitive Development Language Development in Middle Childhood Assessment of Intelligence Students with Disabilities What Do We Know; About Effective Schools? Moral Development Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Correlates of Moral Conduct Prosocial Behaviors Boxes: Further Developments: Creativity Human Diversity: The Academic Achievement of Asian and U.S. Children More Information You Can Use: Culture Clash in American Classrooms Implications for Practice: Special Education Teacher C H A P T E R 10Middle Childhood:Emotional and Social Development The Quest for Self-Understanding Erikson's Stage of Industry Versus Inferiority Self-Image Self-Esteem Self-Regulated Behaviors Understanding Emotion and Coping with Anger, Fear, Stress, and Trauma Continuing Family Influences Mothers and Fathers Sibling Relationships Children of Divorce Single-Parent Families Stepfamilies Later Childhood: The Broadening Social Environment The World of Peer Relationships Developmental Functions of Peer Groups Gender Cleavage Popularity, Social Acceptance, and Rejection Racial Awareness and Prejudice The World of School Developmental Functions of Schools Motivating Students School Performance, Social Class, Ethnicity, and Gender Gap Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Helping Children Cope with Long-Term Disability and Illness of a Sibling Human Diversity: War and Children's Resilience Further Developments: Out-of-School Care and Supervision C H A P T E R 11Adolescence:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development Signs of Maturation and Puberty Hormonal Changes During Puberty The Adolescent Growth Spurt Maturation in Girls Maturation in Boys The Impact of Early or Late Maturation Self-Image and Appearance Health Issues in Adolescence Nutrition and Eating Disorders Smoking and Tobacco Products Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Teenage Pregnancy Body Art and Tattooing Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide Cognitive Development Piaget: The Period of Formal Operations Adolescent Egocentricity Educational Issues Moral Development The Adolescent as a Moral Philosopher The Development of Political Thinking Boxes: Human Diversity: Cultural Practices of Female Genital Mutilation Further Developments: Understanding Anorexia and Bulimia More Information You Can Use: Adolescent Risk for HIV and AIDS C H A P T E R 12Adolescence:Emotional and Social Development Development of Identity Hall's Portrayal of "Storm and Stress" Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory of Development Erikson: The "Crisis" of Adolescence Cultural Aspects of Identity Formation Peers and Family The Adolescent Peer Group Adolescents and Their Families Courtship, Love, and Sexuality Differing Behavioral Patterns Courtship Love Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Teenage Pregnancy Sexual Orientation Career Development and Vocational Choice Preparing for the World of Work Changing Employment Trends in the United States Balancing Work and School Graduation Rates and Dropout Rates Risky Behaviors Social Drinking and Drug Abuse Teenage Suicide Antisocial Behaviors and Juvenile Delinquency Boxes: Human Diversity: Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Collective Self-Esteem Further Developments: Transgender Teens and Transition More Information You Can Use: Determining Whether Someone You Know Has an Alcohol or Drug Problem C H A P T E R 13Early Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Developmental Perspectives Demographics of Early Adulthood Generation X The Millennial Generation Conceptions of Age Periods Age Norms and the Social Clock Age-Grade Systems Life Events The Search for Periods in Adult Development Physical Changes and Health Physical Performance Physical Health Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Gender Drug and Alcohol Use Mental Health Sexuality Cognitive Development Post-Formal Operations Thought and Information Processing Moral Reasoning Boxes: Human Diversity: Emerging Adulthood: A New State of Development Further Developments: The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse Implications for Practice: Family Nurse Practitioner More Information You Can Use: Benefits of Aerobic Exercise C H A P T E R 14 Early Adulthood:Emotional and Social Development Theories of Emotional-Social Development Psychosocial Stages Stages in a Young Man's Life Stages in a Young Woman's Life Establishing Intimacy in Relationships Friendship Love Diversity in Lifestyle Leaving Home Living at Home Staying Single Cohabiting Living as a Lesbian or Gay Partners Getting Married Family Transitions Pregnancy Transition to Parenthood Lesbian and Gay Parenthood Separation and Divorce Single-Parent Mothers Single-Parent Fathers Work The Significance of Work for Women and Men Differing Work Experiences for Women and Men Boxes: Human Diversity: Arranged Marriages or Love Matches More Information You Can Use: Ten Important Findings on Choosing a Marriage Partner: Helpful Facts for Young Adults Further Developments: Surviving the Early Years of Marriage C H A P T E R 15Middle Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Redefining Middle Age Sensory and Physical Changes Vision Hearing Taste and Smell Appearance Body Composition Female Midlife Change Male Midlife Change Health and Lifestyle Sleep Cardiovascular Fitness Cancer The Brain Stress and Depression Sexual Functioning Cognitive Functioning Research Findings: A Methodological Problem The Varied Course of Cognitive Abilities Maximizing Cognitive Abilities Cognition and Dialectical Thinking Moral Commitments Boxes: Implications for Practice: Occupational/Physical Therapist More Information You Can Use: A Schedule of Checkups for Midlife Adults Further Developments: Information for Breast Cancer Survivors Human Diversity: Are Women's and Men's Brains Different? C H A P T E R 16Middle Adulthood :Emotional and Social Development Theories of the Self in Transition Maturity and Self-Concept Stage Models Trait Models Situational Models Interactionist Models Gender and Personality at Midlife Personality Continuity and Discontinuity The Social Milieu Familial Relations Friendship The Workplace Job Satisfaction Midlife Career Change Unemployment and Forced Early Retirement Choosing Retirement Boxes: Human Diversity: Life without a Middle Age Further Developments: Strategies for Midlife College Students More Information You Can Use: Adaptation in Stepfamilies C H A P T E R 17Late Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Aging: Myth and Reality Older Adults: Who Are They? Myths Women Live Longer Than Men Health Exercise and Longevity Nutrition and Health Risks Biological Aging Biological Theories of Aging Cognitive Functioning The Varied Courses of Different Cognitive Abilities Overestimating the Effects of Aging Memory and Aging Learning and Aging Decline in Cognitive Functioning Moral Development Religion and Faith Boxes: Further Developments: Generational Tensions: The Social Security Debate Human Diversity: Women Survivors More Information You Can Use: Faith and Well-Being in Later Life C H A P T E R 18Late Adulthood:Emotional and Social Development Social Responses to Aging False Stereotypes Positive and Negative Attitudes Self-Concept and Personality Development Psychosocial Theories A Trait Theory of Aging Other Theories of Aging Selective Optimization with Compensation A Life-Span Model of Developmental Regulation The Impact of Personal Control and Choice Familial Roles: Continuity and Discontinuity Love and Marriage Singles Lesbian and Gay Elderly Children or Childlessness Grandparenting and Great-Grandparenting Siblings Social and Cultural Support Friendships Retirement/Employment A Change in Living Arrangements Elder Abuse Policy Issues and Advocacy Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Reminiscence: Conducting a Life Review Human Diversity: Who Will Support Tomorrow's Elders? A Cross-Cultural View Further Developments: Selecting a Long-Term; Care Facility Implications for Practice: Professor and Gerontologist C H A P T E R 19Dying and Death The Quest for "Healthy Dying" Thanatology: The Study of Death and Dying The Right-to-Die Movement The Hospice Movement The Dying Process Defining Death Confronting One's Own Death Near-Death Experiences Religious Beliefs Dying Causes of Death Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning Adjusting to the Death of a Loved One Widows and Widowers The Death of a Child Boxes: More Information You Can Use: An Example of a Living Will Further Developments: End of Life-Who Decides? Human Diversity: A Native American Perspective on Death

About the Author :
Thomas Crandell received his Ph.D. in educational psychology from Cornell University and is currently on the faculty of Broome Community College. His research and expertise is in designing instructional text-based and online materials based on individual differences in learning. In addition to teaching college courses in human development and atypical development for over 25 years, he has been a consultant in educational, business, and legal settings for 20 years and has authored numerous articles on the design of print and online educational materials for ease of use and ease of learning. In 1996 he earned the "Distinguished Article of the Year" award in the Frank R. Smith competition by the Journal for the Society of Technical Communications. Corinne Crandell holds a masters degree in Counseling Psychology from SUNY Oneonta and is currently on the faculty of Broome Community College. She has taught at both the college level and the middle school level over the past 30 years. For five years, she worked with children with learning disabilities, as well as with children who were "gifted." She became the Enrichment Coordinator for the 12 Catholic Schools of Broome County for one year, has coached Odyssey of the Mind teams for over 5 years, and has been involved extensively with the education of youth as well as college students. She provides insight into the development of a diversity of children in the educational system in a city environment. James W. Vander Zanden is Professor Emeritus in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Ohio State University and previously taught at Duke University. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Professor Vander Zanden is the author of the first four editions of Sociology: The Core. His other published works include eight books and more than twenty professional articles.