Human Development

This long-trusted text features an interdisciplinary, cross-cultural, and contextual perspective on development. Applications to psychology, health care, social work, education, and family dynamics make this a perfect book for classes with a mixed population of majors. Continuing the hallmark diversity coverage of the prior eight editions, Crandell et al once again do an incomparable job examining populations at risk and explaining how they experience development and why their experience is different. With more than 1200 new references, the 9th edition has been updated throughout to reflect the latest information available in human development.

Table of Contents:
C H A P T E R 1 Introduction The Major Concerns of Science Continuity and Change in Development The Study of Human Development What Are the Goals of Developmental Psychologists? A Framework for Studying DevelopmentMajor Domains of Development Processes of Development The Context of Development The Timing of Developmental Events Partitioning the Life Span: Cultural and Historical PerspectivesThe Age-Old Question: Who Am I? Cultural Variability Changing Conceptions of Age The Nature of Developmental ResearchResearch Design The Longitudinal Design The Cross-Sectional Design Sequential Design The Experimental Design The Case-Study Method The Social Survey Method The Naturalistic Observation Method Cross-Cultural Studies Research AnalysisCorrelational Analysis Ethical Standards for Human Development Research Boxes: Further Developments: An In-Between Stage: Emerging Adulthood Human Diversity: Researching the Complex Effects of Immigration More Information You Can Use: Tips for Observing Children C H A P T E R 2 Theories of Development Theory: A Definition Psychoanalytic TheoriesSigmund Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Development Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development Behavioral Theory Ivan PavlovJohn WatsonB.F. SkinnerHumanistic Theory Abraham Maslow and Carl RogersCognitive TheoryJean Piaget: Cognitive Stages in Development Albert Bandura: Cognitive Learning Ecological Theory Urie BronfenbrennerSociocultural TheoryLev VygotskyClassifying the Models Mechanistic and Organismic Models Continuity and Discontinuity in Development Nature Versus Nurture Behavioral Genetics Evolutionary Adaptation Boxes: Human Diversity: Psychological Research and Spiritual Traditions Further Developments: Theories of Emotions or Playing Mind Games More Information You Can Use: Putting Theory to Use in Your LifeC H A P T E R 3Reproduction, Heredity, and Prenatal DevelopmentReproductionThe Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System How and When Fertilization Occurs Conceiving or Avoiding Conception Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology Ethical Dilemmas of Baby Making Birth Control Methods The Expanding Reproductive Years Heredity and GeneticsThe Human Genome Project Chromosomes and Genes Determination of an Embryo’s Sex Principles of Genetics Genetic Counseling and Testing Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Prenatal DevelopmentThe Germinal Period The Embryonic Period The Fetal Period Loss by Miscarriage or StillbirthPrenatal Environmental Influences Boxes: Further Developments: Stem Cell Research: Making Progress or Opening Pandora’s Box? More Information You Can Use: Major Breakthroughs in Infertility TreatmentsHuman Diversity: Genetic Counseling and Testing Implications for Practice: Genetic Counselor C H A P T E R 4Birth and Physical DevelopmentThe First Two Years BirthA Child Is Born into a Family Preparing for Childbirth Birthing Accommodations Stages of the Birth Process The Baby at BirthCaregiver-Infant Bonding Complications of Pregnancy and Birth Postpartum Experience for Mom and Dad Development of Basic CompetenciesNewborn States Brain Growth and Development Growth of Key Systems and the Brain Motor Development Sensory Development Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Options You May Have for a Birth PlanHuman Diversity: Co-Sleeping, a Cross-Cultural View Further Developments: Childbirth in the United StatesC H A P T E R 5Infancy :Cognitive and Language Development Cognitive Development Making Connections Learning: A Definition When Infants Start LearningPiaget: The Sensorimotor Period Post-Piagetian Research Bruner on Modes of Cognitive Representation Continuity in Cognitive Development from Infancy Language and ThoughtThe Functional Importance of Language Thought Shapes Language Language Shapes Thought Theories of Language AcquisitionNativist Theories Learning and Interactionist Theories A Resolution of Divergent Theories Language DevelopmentCommunication Processes The Sequence of Language Development Bilingualism The Significance of Language Development Boxes: Further Developments: Babies in Diapers, Media Viewing, and Cognitive and Language OutcomesMore Information You Can Use: What Do You Remember from Infancy? Human Diversity: Boosting Babies’ Brain Power C H A P T E R 6Infancy :The Development of Emotional and Social Bonds Emotional DevelopmentThe Role of Emotions Emotional Development in Infancy Attachment Temperament Theoretical Approaches to Social-Emotional DevelopmentThe Psychoanalytic View The Psychosocial View The Behavioral (Learning) View The Cognitive View and Information Processing The Ecological View The Biological ViewSocial DevelopmentEarly Relationships and Child-RearingThe Mother as CaregiverThe Father as CaregiverGrandparent or Kinship CareGay and Lesbian ParentsSibling RelationshipsCultural Differences in Child Rearing Child Care for Infants and ToddlersCaregiver-Infant Interaction Child-Care CentersEarly Head Start ProgramEarly Education across CulturesInfants and Toddlers at RiskPovertyChild Neglect and AbuseBreaking the Cycle of ViolenceBoxes: Further Developments: Rising Incidence of Autism Implications for Practice: Licensed Certified Social Worker More Information You Can Use: What Is Quality Child Care? Human Diversity: Interaction with Infants with DisabilitiesC H A P T E R 7Early Childhood:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development and Health ConcernsPhysical Growth and Motor-Skill Development Sensory Development The Brain and the Nervous System Nutrition and Health Issues Self-Care Behaviors Demographic Trends and Implications for Child Health Child Mortality Rates and Causes Cognitive DevelopmentIntelligence and Its Assessment Intelligence and the Nature-Nurture Debate Piaget’s Theory of Preoperational Thought The Child’s Theory of Mind Language Acquisition Language and Emotion Information Processing and MemoryEarly Memory Information Processing Metacognition and Metamemory Memory Strategies Moral DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory Kohlberg’s Theory Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Growth Charts, Ages 2 to 20 Further Developments: Household Lead Poisoning: Still a Problem Human Diversity: Health Beliefs and Practices across Cultures Implications for Practice: Speech-Language Pathologist C H A P T E R 8Early Childhood:Emotional and Social Development Emotional Development and AdjustmentThinking Tasks Are Critical to Emotional Development Timing and Sequence of Emotional Development Play Behaviors and Emotional-Social Development Emotional Response and Self-Regulation Acquiring Emotional Understanding The Development of Self-AwarenessThe Sense of Self Measuring a Child’s Self-EsteemGender IdentificationGender Identity Influence of Biology, Brain, and Hormones Social Influences on Gender Behaviors Theories Regarding Acquisition of Gender Identity Mothers, Fathers, and Gender Typing Family InfluencesFamilies Convey Cultural Standards Determinants of Parenting Key Child-Rearing Practices Child Abuse Parenting Styles Sibling Relationships Nonfamilial Social InfluencesPeer Relationships and Friendships Aggression in Children Preschools and Head Start Media Influences Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Preparing the Nation’s Most Vulnerable Children forKindergarten Human Diversity: Preparing for Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Settings Further Developments: Head Start: Affecting the Heart, Hands, Health, and Home C H A P T E R 9Middle Childhood:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical DevelopmentGrowth and Body Changes Motor Development Brain Development Health and Fitness IssuesCognitive DevelopmentCognitive Sophistication Information Processing: Another View on Cognitive Development Language Development in Middle Childhood Assessment of Intelligence Students with Disabilities What Do We Know About Effective Schools? Moral DevelopmentCognitive Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Correlates of Moral Conduct Prosocial Behaviors Boxes: Further Developments: Creativity Human Diversity: The Academic Achievement of Asian and U.S. Children More Information You Can Use: Culture Clash in American ClassroomsImplications for Practice: Special Education Teacher C H A P T E R 10Middle Childhood:Emotional and Social Development The Quest for Self-UnderstandingErikson’s Stage of Industry Versus Inferiority Self-Image Self-Esteem Self-Regulated Behaviors Understanding Emotion and Coping with Anger, Fear, Stress, and Trauma Continuing Family InfluencesMothers and Fathers Sibling Relationships Children of Divorce Single-Parent Families Stepfamilies Later Childhood: The Broadening Social EnvironmentThe World of Peer Relationships Developmental Functions of Peer Groups Gender Cleavage Popularity, Social Acceptance, and Rejection Racial Awareness and Prejudice The World of SchoolDevelopmental Functions of Schools Motivating Students School Performance, Social Class, Ethnicity, and Gender Gap Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Helping Children Cope with Long-Term Disability and Illness of a Sibling Human Diversity: War and Children's ResilienceFurther Developments: Out-of-School Care and Supervision C H A P T E R 11Adolescence:Physical and Cognitive Development Physical DevelopmentSigns of Maturation and Puberty Hormonal Changes During Puberty The Adolescent Growth Spurt Maturation in Girls Maturation in Boys The Impact of Early or Late Maturation Self-Image and Appearance Health Issues in AdolescenceNutrition and Eating Disorders Smoking and Tobacco Products Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Teenage Pregnancy Body Art and Tattooing Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget: The Period of Formal Operations Adolescent Egocentricity Educational Issues Moral DevelopmentThe Adolescent as a Moral Philosopher The Development of Political Thinking Boxes: Human Diversity: Cultural Practices of Female Genital Mutilation Further Developments: Understanding Anorexia and Bulimia More Information You Can Use: Adolescent Risk for HIV and AIDS C H A P T E R 12Adolescence:Emotional and Social Development Development of IdentityHall’s Portrayal of “Storm and Stress” Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory of Development Erikson: The “Crisis” of Adolescence Cultural Aspects of Identity Formation Peers and FamilyThe Adolescent Peer Group Adolescents and Their Families Courtship, Love, and SexualityDiffering Behavioral Patterns Courtship LoveSexual Attitudes and Behavior Teenage Pregnancy Sexual OrientationCareer Development and Vocational ChoicePreparing for the World of Work Changing Employment Trends in the United States Balancing Work and School Graduation Rates and Dropout Rates Risky BehaviorsSocial Drinking and Drug Abuse Teenage Suicide Antisocial Behaviors and Juvenile Delinquency Boxes: Human Diversity: Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Collective Self-EsteemFurther Developments: Transgender Teens and TransitionMore Information You Can Use: Determining Whether Someone You Know Has an Alcohol or Drug Problem C H A P T E R 13Early Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Developmental PerspectivesDemographics of Early Adulthood Generation X The Millennial Generation Conceptions of Age Periods Age Norms and the Social Clock Age-Grade Systems Life Events The Search for Periods in Adult Development Physical Changes and HealthPhysical Performance Physical Health Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Gender Drug and Alcohol Use Mental Health Sexuality Cognitive DevelopmentPost-Formal Operations Thought and Information Processing Moral Reasoning Boxes: Human Diversity: Emerging Adulthood: A New State of Development Further Developments: The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse Implications for Practice: Family Nurse Practitioner More Information You Can Use: Benefits of Aerobic Exercise C H A P T E R 14 Early Adulthood:Emotional and Social Development Theories of Emotional-Social DevelopmentPsychosocial Stages Stages in a Young Man's LifeStages in a Young Woman’s Life Establishing Intimacy in RelationshipsFriendship Love Diversity in LifestyleLeaving Home Living at Home Staying Single Cohabiting Living as a Lesbian or Gay Partners Getting Married Family TransitionsPregnancy Transition to Parenthood Lesbian and Gay Parenthood Separation and Divorce Single-Parent Mothers Single-Parent Fathers WorkThe Significance of Work for Women and MenDiffering Work Experiences for Women and Men Boxes: Human Diversity: Arranged Marriages or Love Matches More Information You Can Use: Ten Important Findings on Choosing a Marriage Partner: Helpful Facts for Young Adults Further Developments: Surviving the Early Years of Marriage C H A P T E R 15Middle Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Redefining Middle Age Sensory and Physical ChangesVision Hearing Taste and Smell Appearance Body Composition Female Midlife Change Male Midlife Change Health and LifestyleSleep Cardiovascular Fitness Cancer The Brain Stress and Depression Sexual Functioning Cognitive FunctioningResearch Findings: A Methodological Problem The Varied Course of Cognitive Abilities Maximizing Cognitive Abilities Cognition and Dialectical Thinking Moral Commitments Boxes: Implications for Practice: Occupational/Physical Therapist More Information You Can Use: A Schedule of Checkups for Midlife AdultsFurther Developments: Information for Breast Cancer SurvivorsHuman Diversity: Are Women's and Men's Brains Different? C H A P T E R 16Middle Adulthood :Emotional and Social Development Theories of the Self in TransitionMaturity and Self-Concept Stage Models Trait Models Situational Models Interactionist Models Gender and Personality at Midlife Personality Continuity and Discontinuity The Social MilieuFamilial Relations Friendship The WorkplaceJob Satisfaction Midlife Career Change Unemployment and Forced Early Retirement Choosing Retirement Boxes: Human Diversity: Life without a Middle Age Further Developments: Strategies for Midlife College StudentsMore Information You Can Use: Adaptation in Stepfamilies C H A P T E R 17Late Adulthood:Physical and Cognitive Development Aging: Myth and RealityOlder Adults: Who Are They? Myths Women Live Longer Than Men HealthExercise and LongevityNutrition and Health Risks Biological Aging Biological Theories of Aging Cognitive FunctioningThe Varied Courses of Different Cognitive AbilitiesOverestimating the Effects of Aging Memory and Aging Learning and Aging Decline in Cognitive Functioning Moral DevelopmentReligion and FaithBoxes: Further Developments: Generational Tensions: The Social Security Debate Human Diversity: Women Survivors More Information You Can Use: Faith and Well-Being in Later Life C H A P T E R 18Late Adulthood:Emotional and Social Development Social Responses to AgingFalse Stereotypes Positive and Negative Attitudes Self-Concept and Personality DevelopmentPsychosocial Theories A Trait Theory of Aging Other Theories of Aging Selective Optimization with Compensation A Life-Span Model of Developmental Regulation The Impact of Personal Control and Choice Familial Roles: Continuity and DiscontinuityLove and Marriage Singles Lesbian and Gay Elderly Children or Childlessness Grandparenting and Great-Grandparenting Siblings Social and Cultural SupportFriendships Retirement/Employment A Change in Living Arrangements Elder Abuse Policy Issues and Advocacy Boxes: More Information You Can Use: Reminiscence: Conducting a Life ReviewHuman Diversity: Who Will Support Tomorrow’s Elders? A Cross-Cultural View Further Developments: Selecting a Long-Term Care Facility Implications for Practice: Professor and Gerontologist C H A P T E R 19Dying and Death The Quest for “Healthy Dying” Thanatology: The Study of Death and Dying The Right-to-Die Movement The Hospice Movement The Dying ProcessDefining Death Confronting One’s Own Death Near-Death Experiences Religious Beliefs Dying Causes of Death Grief, Bereavement, and MourningAdjusting to the Death of a Loved One Widows and Widowers The Death of a Child Boxes: More Information You Can Use: An Example of a Living Will Further Developments: End of Life—Who Decides? Human Diversity: A Native American Perspective on Death

About the Author :
After earning a B.A. from King's College in Wilkes-Barre and an M.A. in counseling psychology from Scranton University, Tom taught a variety of undergraduate psychology courses at Broome Community College and worked in college admissions and then as a college counselor for several years. At age 34, he continued his formal education at Cornell University in pursuit of a Ph.D. in psychology and education. While at Cornell, Tom received a research assistantship sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, and he subsequently helped to initiate and develop one of the most productive reading research programs in the country. His experimental findings on learning styles and instructional design have been adopted by researchers and practitioners worldwide. He first won international recognition when his doctoral dissertation was selected as one of the top five in the country by the International Reading Association. Tom's focus as a college professor and educational psychologist has been on individual differences in learning and atypical development in children and adults. He takes great pride in a course he developed and teaches on human exceptionalities to over 2,000 undergraduate students who have become special education teachers, psychologists, sociologists, social workers, nurses, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, clergy, managers of non-profit agencies, and informed parents. Students often return to him to tell him that his course has changed their entire career plans and how much they enjoy working with individuals in a wide array of jobs that include a broad understanding of human development. In addition to being a professor, he has been a consultant in educational, business, and legal settings for the past 30 years and has authored numerous articles on the design of online educational materials for ease of learning and ease of use. Many of these design strategies have been incorporated into the Eighth Edition of this text. In 1996 he earned the Distinguished Article of the Year award in the Frank R. Smith Competition by the Journal for the Society of Technical Communications. He is a long-standing member of the American Psychological Association. Tom has also coached youth basketball and soccer and has taught adult religious education courses through his church. He has maintained a healthy lifestyle with a passion for basketball and golf throughout his years of professional growth and development. Corinne Crandell has earned a B.S. degree from the University at Albany and an M.S. degree from the State University of New York at Oneonta in counseling and psychology. Corinne has completed additional graduate studies in reading, special education, and learning disabilities. Corinne has had a variety of instructional experiences at the community college level teaching psychology classes for many years, has been a college counselor, has co-authored developmental psychology study guides, instructors manuals, and computerized study guides and developed the first distance learning course in developmental psychology for the SUNY Learning Network, offered over the Internet since 1997. She also supervised student interns in Broome Community Colleges human services program at nearly 40 social service agencies. For 5 years she taught in a middle school and worked with children with learning disabilities in grades 4 through 8. Additionally, she was the coordinator of the gifted and talented program for a private school district with 12 schools. Corinne has coached and judged in the regional Odyssey of the Mind program, was a board member for 5 years at our local Association for Retarded Citizens, and has taught confirmation classes to high school students for the past ten years. As a parent and a stepparent of a blended family, we bring to this text a wealth of knowledge and understanding about the issues facing single parents, stepfamilies, blended families, and families with children with special needs. Becky, now 35 and our daughter/ stepdaughter with Down syndrome, has enriched our lives in countless ways. Her brother Jim has become a special education teacher, her sister Colleen has become a caring physician, and her younger brother Patrick is a recent college graduate who is considerate of people with differences. Thus, unlike other human development texts, some information about the development of differently-abled children is included in this text along with the development of "typical" children. James W. Vander Zanden is Professor Emeritus in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Ohio State University and previously taught at Duke University. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Professor Vander Zanden is the author of the first four editions of Sociology: The Core. His other published works include eight books and more than twenty professional articles.