Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution: (Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy)

Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution reviews recent developments in this key component of the emerging "hydrogen economy," an energy infrastructure based on hydrogen. Since hydrogen can be produced without using fossil fuels, a move to such an economy has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy security. However, such a move also requires the advanced production, storage and usage techniques discussed in this book. Part one introduces the fundamentals of hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, including an overview of the development of the necessary infrastructure, an analysis of the potential environmental benefits, and a review of some important hydrogen production technologies in conventional, bio-based, and nuclear power plants. Part two focuses on hydrogen production from renewable resources, and includes chapters outlining the production of hydrogen through water electrolysis, photocatalysis, and bioengineered algae. Finally, part three covers hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors, the storage of hydrogen, fuel cell technology, and the potential of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation. Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution provides a detailed overview of the components and challenges of a hydrogen economy. This book is an invaluable resource for research and development professionals in the energy industry, as well as academics with an interest in this important subject.

Table of Contents:
Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Dedication Preface Part I: Fundamentals of hydrogen production 1. Key challenges in the development of an infrastructure for hydrogen production, delivery, storage and use Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The hydrogen infrastructure 1.3 Building an infrastructure for the hydrogen economy 1.4 National planning for hydrogen infrastructure building 1.5 Conclusion: outlook for the hydrogen economy 1.6 Summary 1.7 Sources of further information and advice 1.8 References 1.9 Appendix: acronyms 2. Assessing the environmental impact of hydrogen energy production Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Self-regulating energy systems and materials circulation 2.3 An ideal energy system based on materials circulation 2.4 The environmental impact factor (EIF) of carbon and hydrogen 2.5 Local environmental impact factors for hydrogen and carbon in Japan 2.6 A green hydrogen energy system 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 References 2.9 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 3. Hydrogen production from fossil fuel and biomass feedstocks Abstract: 3.1 Introduction: hydrogen from coal and natural gas 3.2 Partial oxidation (POX) technology 3.3 Steam reforming of natural gas and naphtha 3.4 Steam reforming and steam gasification of bio-feedstock 3.5 Economics and CO2 emissions of biomass gasification 3.6 Traditional feedstock purification: catalyst poison removal 3.7 Synthesis gas processing 3.8 Future trends and conclusions 3.9 References 3.10 Appendix: nomenclature 4. Hydrogen production in conventional, bio-based and nuclear power plants Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hydrogen production in conventional and bio-based power plants 4.3 Combined carbon capture and storage (CCS) 4.4 Hydrogen production in nuclear power plants 4.5 Conclusions 4.6 References 4.7 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms 5. Portable and small-scale stationary hydrogen production from micro-reactor systems Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Portable and small-scale hydrogen production 5.3 Microfluidic devices for process intensification 5.4 Feedstocks and technologies for hydrogen production in micro-reactors 5.5 Micro-reactor design: key issues for hydrogen production 5.6 Industrial scale-up and improvement of technology uptake 5.7 Process analysis and the business case 5.8 Future trends 5.9 Conclusions 5.11 Acknowledgments 5.10 Sources of further information and advice 5.12 References 5.13 Appendix: abbreviations Part II: Hydrogen production from renewable sources 6. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Electrolytic hydrogen production 6.3 Types of electrolyzers 6.4 Water electrolysis thermodynamics 6.5 Kinetics of water splitting 6.6 Electrolyzer current-voltage (I–V) curves 6.7 High-pressure water electrolysis 6.8 Coupling electrolyzers with solar energy for vehicle hydrogen fueling 6.9 Educational aspects of water electrolysis 6.10 Major issues facing the use of water electrolysis for hydrogen production 6.11 Future trends 6.12 Conclusions 6.13 Sources of further information and advice 6.14 Acknowledgements 6.15 References 6.16 Appendix: nomenclature 7. Development of a photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactor to convert carbon dioxide into methanol for biorefining Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chemical reduction of CO2 7.3 Mimicking natural enzymes for splitting water in photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactors 7.4 Cathodic systems for CO2 reduction to methanol in PEC reactors 7.5 Manufacturing an effective membrane electrode assembly 7.6 Bio-based products from PEC CO2 reduction processes 7.7 CO2 sources and purity issues 7.8 Conversion of CO2 to methanol using solar energy 7.9 Impacts on greenhouse gas reduction and life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses 7.10 Conclusions 7.11 References 8. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hydrogen production through photocatalysis 8.3 Engineering efficient photocatalysts for solar H2 production 8.4 Photocatalytic water splitting 8.5 Separate H2 and O2 evolution from photocatalytic water splitting 8.6 Photocatalytic reforming of organics 8.7 Future trends 8.8 Conclusion 8.9 References 8.10 Appendix: list of symbols 9. Bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principles of bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen 9.3 Technologies for bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen 9.4 Applications 9.5 Future trends 9.6 Conclusion 9.7 References 9.8 Appendix: the Calvin cycle 10. Thermochemical production of hydrogen Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General aspects of hydrogen production 10.3 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-containing sources 10.4 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-free sources: water-splitting processes 10.5 Conclusions 10.6 References 10.7 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols Part III: Hydrogen production using membrane reactors, storage and distribution 11. Hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Traditional reactors used for hydrogen production 11.3 Catalysts for hydrogen production 11.4 Membrane-integrated processes for hydrogen production 11.5 Biohydrogen production processes 11.6 Bioreactors for biohydrogen production 11.7 Membrane reactors for biohydrogen production 11.8 Conclusions and future trends 11.9 References 11.10 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols 12. In situ quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement in group 5 metals used for hydrogen separation and purification Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Principles of quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement 12.3 Ductile-to-brittle transition hydrogen concentrations for group 5 metals 12.4 Mechanical properties and fracture mode changes of Nb- or V-based alloys in hydrogen atmospheres 12.5 Applications and future trends 12.6 Summary 12.7 Sources of further information and advice 12.8 References 12.9 Appendix: symbols and acronyms 13. Design of group 5 metal-based alloy membranes with high hydrogen permeability and strong resistance to hydrogen embrittlement Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Hydrogen permeable metal membranes 13.3 Alloy design for a group 5 metal-based hydrogen permeable membrane 13.4 Design of Nb-based alloys 13.5 V-based alloys 13.6 Future trends 13.7 Summary 13.8 Sources of further information and advice 13.9 References 13.10 Appendix: symbols and acronyms 14. Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming materials Abstract: 14.1 Introduction 14.2 An overview of the main hydrogen storage technologies 14.3 Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming metals and intermetallics 14.4 Chemical hydrides 14.5 Hydrogen storage specifications and developments in technology 14.6 Conclusion 14.7 References 14.8 Appendix: nomenclature 15. Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Hydrogen adsorption by porous solids 15.3 Hydrogen adsorption measurements 15.4 Hydrogen storage in porous carbons 15.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites 15.6 Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks 15.7 Hydrogen storage in microporous organic polymers and other materials 15.8 Use of nanoporous materials in practical storage units: material properties and thermal conductivity 15.9 Storage unit modelling and design 15.10 Future trends 15.11 Conclusion 15.12 References 15.13 Appendix: symbols and abbreviations 16. Hydrogen fuel cell technology Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Types of fuel cell (FC) 16.3 The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the energy supply chain 16.4 Hydrogen fuel cells and renewable energy sources (RES) deployment 16.5 Fuel cells in stationary applications 16.6 Fuel cells in transportation applications 16.7 Fuel cells in portable applications 16.8 Research priorities in fuel cell technology 16.9 Research priorities in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) 16.10 Research priorities in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 16.11 Conclusions 16.12 Sources of further information and advice 16.13 References 16.14 Appendix: abbreviations 17. Hydrogen as a fuel in transportation Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Hydrogen characteristics as an alternative fuel 17.3 Advances in hydrogen vehicle technologies and fuel delivery 17.4 History of hydrogen demonstrations 17.5 Hydrogen fueling infrastructure for transportation 17.6 Future trends 17.7 Conclusions 17.8 Sources of further information and advice 17.9 References 17.10 Appendix: list of acronyms Index

About the Author :
Adolfo Iulianelli, Degree in Chemical Engineering in 2002 at University of Calabria (Italy), obtained his PhD Degree in Chemical and Materials Engineering in 2006 at University of Calabria (Italy). Nowadays, he is working at the Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM). He is author or co-author of more than 50 international articles (ISI), 1 patent, more than 50 contributes as oral and poster presentations in national and international conferences, more than 20 book chapters. Furthermore, he is Reviewer of more than 20 international ICI journals, Invited Speaker in more than 5 international conferences, training school, etc. Subject Editor of the Scientific World Journal, Guest Editor for the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (ICI) and Journal of Membrane Science and Technology and Associate Editor of International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology. His research interests are membrane reactors, fuel cells, gas separation, hydrogen production from reforming reactions of renewable sources through inorganic membrane reactors and membrane operations. His h-index is 22 (source: www.scoupus.com). Angelo Basile, a Chemical Engineer with a Ph.D. in Technical Physics, was a senior Researcher at the ITM-CNR as a responsible for the research related to both ultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. He is a reviewer for 165 int. journals, an editor/author of more than 50 scientific books and 140 chapters on international books on membrane science and technology; with various patens (7 Italian, 2 European, and 1 worldwide). He is a referee of 1more than 150 international scientific journals and a Member of the Editorial Board of more than 20 of them. Basile is also an associate editor of the: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy; Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Eng.; journal Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology; and co-Editor-in-chief of the Int. J. Membrane Science & Technol.