Compendium of Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Use, Safety and the Hydrogen Economy(Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy)

Compendium of Hydrogen Energy Volume 4: Hydrogen Use, Safety and the Hydrogen Economy focuses on the uses of hydrogen. As many experts believe the hydrogen economy will, at some point, replace the fossil fuel economy as the primary source of the world’s energy, this book investigates the uses of this energy, from transport, to stationary and portable applications, with final sections discussing the difficulties and possibilities of the widespread adoption of the hydrogen economy.

Table of Contents:
List of contributors Part One: Hydrogen applications in transport and industry 1: Hydrogen-fueled road automobiles – Passenger cars and buses Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Comparison of different hydrogen-fueled drive systems 1.3 Technical solutions for FCEVs 1.4 Technical approaches for the main components of FCEVs 1.5 Challenges for FCEVs – Consideration of main markets 1.6 Summary and future trends 1.7 Sources of further information and advice 2: Hydrogen-fueled motorcycles, bicycles, and industrial trucks Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Hydrogen motorcycles and bicycles 2.3 Hydrogen industrial trucks 2.4 Conclusions 3: Hydrogen-fueled marine transportation Abstract 3.1 Market environment 3.2 Requirements for marine FCs 3.3 Suitable FC systems 3.4 FC integration in ships 3.5 Marine FC projects 3.6 Future trends 4: Hydrogen-fueled aeroplanes Abstract 4.1 Introduction to hydrogen vs. traditional technologies: Differences and similarities, advantages, and disadvantages 4.2 Hydrogen fuel on aircraft—Challenges and requirements 4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen storage methods in aeronautics 4.4 Available energy conversion technologies 4.5 Available infrastructure (production, airport) 4.6 Operational aspects (turn around) 4.7 Safety aspects (layout, design, and strategy) 4.8 Safety strategy 4.9 Certification aspects 4.10 Environmental and economic aspects and public acceptance 4.11 Future trends 4.12 Summary 5: Hydrogen-fueled spacecraft and other space applications of hydrogen Abstract 5.1 Introduction: The potential of hydrogen-powered spacecraft 5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen-fueled spacecraft 5.3 Principles: Suitable hydrogen power sources for spacecraft 5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the power sources 5.5 Challenges for hydrogen-fueled spacecraft 5.6 Other space applications of hydrogen 5.7 Market trends 5.8 Hydrogen storage in spacecraft 5.9 Advantages and disadvantages of the various potential storage methods 5.10 Safety concerns regarding the storage of hydrogen in these vehicles 5.11 Future trends Part Two: Other applications of hydrogen 6: Hydrogen fuel cells for portable applications Abstract Acknowledgments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Drawbacks of hydrogen fuel cells regarding application in portable devices 6.3 Present status 6.4 Market penetration 6.5 Future perspectives and conclusion 7: Large-scale underground storage of hydrogen for the grid integration of renewable energy and other applications Abstract 7.1 Hydrogen and the need for energy storage in Europe 7.2 Markets for hydrogen 7.3 Technology for large-scale hydrogen storage 7.4 Potential for hydrogen underground storage 7.5 Hydrogen storage economics in energy systems with increasing share of intermittent renewable energy 7.6 State-of-discussion and development perspectives 8: Hydrogen admixture to the natural gas grid Abstract Acknowledgments 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reasons for adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid 8.3 Potential benefits and problems associated with adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid 8.4 State of the art 8.5 The bottlenecks—Considering a 10 vol% admixture 8.6 R&D necessary to overcome the bottlenecks 8.7 Additional requirements 8.8 Key technologies 8.9 Future trends: The methanation option 8.10 Economic considerations 8.11 Regulatory issues 8.12 Practical recommendations for hydrogen injection 8.13 Conclusions 8.14 Sources of further information Recommended further reading Part Three: Hydrogen safety 9: Hydrogen safety: An overview Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Properties of hydrogen and their implications for safety 9.3 Hazards of hydrogen 9.4 Management for accident prevention 9.5 Future trends 9.6 Conclusions 9.7 Sources of further information 10: Hydrogen sensors and detectors Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Terms and definitions 10.3 Requirements of hydrogen sensors and detectors 10.4 Current hydrogen sensors and detectors on the market: Technologies and operation principles 10.5 Current research and development in hydrogen sensors and detectors 10.6 Detection layout and maintenance of detectors 10.7 Conclusions 10.8 Sources of further information Part Four: The hydrogen economy 11: The hydrogen economy—Vision or reality? Abstract Acknowledgments 11.1 Setting the context—The global energy challenge 11.2 Options for the road transport sector 11.3 A short history of hydrogen 11.4 The status of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles 11.5 Building a hydrogen delivery infrastructure for the transport sector 11.6 The hydrogen infrastructure challenge and how to overcome it 11.7 The role of hydrogen for renewables’ integration 11.8 Perspectives and outlook 12: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the EU Abstract 12.1 Introduction: which hydrogen infrastructure(s) is/are required? 12.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure 12.3 Costs for setting up the hydrogen infrastructure 12.4 Status and outlook of EU hydrogen infrastructure initiatives 12.5 Moving toward full deployment 12.6 Conclusions 13: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the United States Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure in the United States 13.3 Initial costs of deploying hydrogen infrastructure 13.4 Market trends 13.5 Hydrogen refueling infrastructure 13.6 Hydrogen production, transmission, and distribution 13.7 Hydrogen transmission and distribution barriers 13.8 Material 14: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in Japan Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The new strategic energy plan (Strategic Energy Plan, 2014) 14.3 Strategic Road Map For Hydrogen and FCs (Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen et al., 2014) 14.4 Off-site (centralized) versus on-site (distributed) hydrogen production 14.5 Novel hydrogen production methods 14.6 Hydrogen distribution and storage 14.7 Initial current cost of hydrogen stations 14.8 Residential use FC system (The Japan Gas Association, n.d.) 14.9 FC vehicle 14.10 Current situation in Japan as regards hydrogen infrastructure 14.11 Conclusions 15: Environmental impacts of hydrogen use in vehicles Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Environmental assessment 15.3 Reference systems 15.4 Results and discussion 15.5 Final considerations Index

About the Author :
Angelo Basile, a Chemical Engineer with a Ph.D. in Technical Physics, was a senior Researcher at the ITM-CNR as a responsible for the research related to both ultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. He is a reviewer for 165 int. journals, an editor/author of more than 50 scientific books and 140 chapters on international books on membrane science and technology; with various patens (7 Italian, 2 European, and 1 worldwide). He is a referee of 1more than 150 international scientific journals and a Member of the Editorial Board of more than 20 of them. Basile is also an associate editor of the: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy; Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Eng.; journal Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology; and co-Editor-in-chief of the Int. J. Membrane Science & Technol. Dr. Veziroglu, a native of Turkey, graduated from the City and Guilds College, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, with degrees in Mechanical Engineering (A.C.G.I., B.Sc.), Advanced Studies in Engineering (D.I.C.) and Heat Transfer (Ph.D.). In 1962 – after doing his military service in the Ordnance Section, serving in some Turkish government agencies and heading a private company – Dr. Veziroglu joined the University of Miami Engineering Faculty. In 1965, he became the Director of Graduate Studies and initiated the first Ph.D. Program in the School of Engineering and Architecture. He served as Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering 1971 through 1975, in 1973 established the Clean Energy Research Institute, and was the Associate Dean for Research 1975 through 1979. He took a three years Leave of Absence (2004 through 2007) and founded UNIDO-ICHET (United Nations Industrial Development Organization – International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies) in Istanbul, Turkey. On 15 May 2009, he attained the status of Professor Emeritus at the University of Miami. Dr. Veziroglu organized the first major conference on Hydrogen Energy: The Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy (THEME) Conference, Miami Beach, 18-20 March 1974. At the opening of this conference, Dr. Veziroglu proposed the Hydrogen Energy System as a permanent solution for the depletion of the fossil fuels and the environmental problems caused by their utilization. Soon after, the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) was established, and Dr. Veziroglu was elected president. As President of IAHE, in 1976 he initiated the biennial World Hydrogen Energy Conferences (WHECs), and in 2005 the biennial World Hydrogen Technologies Conventions (WHTCs). In 1976, Dr. Veziroglu started publication of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE) as its Founding Editor-in-Chief, in order to publish and disseminate Hydrogen Energy related research and development results from around the world. IJHE has continuously grew; now it publishes twenty-four issues a year. He has published some 350 papers and scientific reports, edited 160 volumes of books and proceedings, and has co-authored the book “Solar Hydrogen Energy: The Power to Save the Earth”. Dr. Veziroglu has memberships in eighteen scientific organizations, has been elected to the Grade of Fellow in the British Institution of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is the Founding President of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Dr. Veziroglu has been the recipient of several international awards. He was presented the Turkish Presidential Science Award in 1974, made an Honorary Professor in Xian Jiaotong University of China in 1981, awarded the I. V. Kurchatov Medal by the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy of U.S.S.R. in 1982, the Energy for Mankind Award by the Global Energy Society in 1986, and elected to the Argentinean Academy of Sciences in 1988. In 2000, he was nominated for Nobel Prize in Economics, for conceiving the Hydrogen Economy and striving towards its establishment.