Principles of Language Learning and Teaching

How do people learn a second language? For almost two decades, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching has been recognized as an exceptional guide to the theoretical foundations of language teaching. The fourth edition offers an overview of the study of Second Language Acquisition, while acting as a reference for the growing storehouse of research, subfields, and specializations of SLA.

Table of Contents:
1     Language, Learning, and Teaching   Current Issues in Second Language Acquisition Language Learning and Teaching Schools of Though in Second Language Acquisition             Structuralism/Behaviorism             Rationalism and Cognitive Psychology             Constructivism Language Teaching Methodology In the Classroom: The Grammar Translation Method Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     2     First Language Acquisition   Theories of First Language Acquisition             Competence and Performance             Comprehension and Productions Nature or Nurture Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice Input Discourse In the Classroom: Gouin and Berlitz–The First Reformers Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     3     Age and Acquisition   Dispelling Myths Types of Comparison and Contrast The Critical Period Hypothesis Neurological Considerations             Hemispheric Lateralization             Biological Timetables             Right-Hemispheric Participation             Anthropological Evidence The Significance of Accent Cognitive Considerations Affective Considerations Linguistic Considerations             Bilingualism             Interference Between First and Second Language Interference in Adults             Order of Acquisition Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited In the Classroom: The Audiolingual Method Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     4     Human Learning   Learning and Training Pavlov’s Classical Behaviorism Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning Theory             Systematic Forgetting Rogers’s Humanistic Psychology Types of Learning Transfer, Interference, and Overgeneralization Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Aptitude and Intelligence In the Classroom: The “Designer” Methods of the 1970s Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     5     Styles and Strategies   Process, Style, and Strategy Learning Styles             Field Independence             Left- and Right-Brain Functioning             Ambiguity Tolerance             Reflectivity and Impulsivity             Visual and Auditory Styles Strategies             Learning Strategies             Communication Strategies                         Avoidance Strategies                         Compensatory Strategies Strategies-Based Instruction In the Classroom: Styles and Strategies in Practice Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     6     Personality Factors   The Affective Domain             Self-Esteem             Inhibition             Risk-Taking             Anxiety             Empathy             Extroversion Myers-Briggs Character Types Motivation             Instrumental and Integrative Orientations             Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation The Neurobiology of Affect Measuring Affective Factors In the Classroom: Putting Methods into Perspective Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     7     Sociocultural Factors   From Stereotypes to Generalizations Attitudes Second Culture Acquisition Social Distance Culture in the Classroom Language Policy and Politics             World Englishes             ESL and EFL             Linguistic Imperialism and Language Rights             Language Policy and the “English Only” Debate Language, Thought, and Culture In the Classroom: Toward a Principled Approach to Language Pedagogy Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     8     Cross-Linguistic Influence and Learner Language   The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis From the CAH to CLI (Cross-Linguistic Influence) Markedness and Universal Grammar Learner Language Error Analysis             Mistakes and Errors             Errors in Error Analysis             Identifying and Describing Errors             Sources of Error                         Interlingual Transfer                         Intralingual Transfer                         Context of Learning                         Communication Strategies Stages of Learner Language Development Variability in Learner Language Fossilization Form-Focused Instruction Error Treatment In the Classroom: A Model for Error Treatment Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     9     Communicative Competence   Defining Communicative Competence Language Functions Functional Syllabuses Discourse Analysis             Conversation Analysis Pragmatics             Language and Gender Styles and Registers Nonverbal Communication             Kinesics             Eye Contact             Proxemics             Artifacts             Kinesthetics             Olfactory Dimensions In the Classroom: Communicative Language Teaching Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry     10     Theories of Second Language Acquisition   Building a Theory of SLA             Domains and Generalizations             Hypotheses and Claims             Criteria for a Viable Theory An Innatist Model: Drashen’s Input Hypothesis Cognitive Models             Mclaughlin’s Attention-Processing Model             Implicit and Explicit Models A Social-Constructivist Model: Long’s Interaction Hypothesis From Theory to Practice Out on a Limb: The Ecology of Language Acquisition Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Final Journal Entry   Bibliography