Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding

Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding Discover a cutting-edge reference on 2D EMI shielding materials for both industrial and academic audiences Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding delivers a thorough and comprehensive examination of all aspects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption, including fundamentals and applications, as well as emerging 2D materials in the field, like graphene, and MXenes. The book covers basic knowledge on shielding mechanisms and the demanding physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the 2D materials against betrayed electromagnetic waves. The benefits of novel 2D materials over existing materials are thoroughly explained and the reader is provided with insight into future developments in shielding materials for highly integrated electrical and electronic equipment. The book offers explanations and in-depth descriptions of graphene and MXenes materials, as well as likely future challenges that will confront practitioners in the field. Ideal for scientists, researchers, and engineers who design novel EMI shielding materials, the book also provides: A thorough introduction to electromagnetic field sources and their impact on human beings An exploration of EMI shielding mechanism and conversion techniques, including microwave absorption mechanisms and scattering parameter conversion methods Discussions of measurements and standards in EMI shielding, including shielding effectiveness measurements An examination of graphene, MXenes, and other 2D materials for EMI shielding and microwave absorbing Perfect for materials scientists, electrochemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, and radiation chemists, Two-Dimensional Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding will also earn a place in the libraries of applied physicists and engineering scientists in industry seeking a one-stop reference on cutting-edge 2D electromagnetic interference shielding materials.

Table of Contents:
Preface ix 1 Electromagnetic Interference and Shielding 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electromagnetic Field Sources and Impact on Human Beings 2 1.2.1 Natural Sources 3 1.2.2 Artificial (Manmade) Sources 3 1.2.3 Effects on Human Health 4 1.3 EMI Hazards for Data Security 5 1.4 Economic Aspects and the Global Market for EMI Shielding 6 1.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations and Standards 6 1.5.1 International Standards 8 1.5.2 FCC Standards (United States) 9 1.5.3 European Standards 9 1.5.4 Korean Standards 9 1.5.5 Military or Defense Standards 10 1.6 Materials for EMI Shielding 10 1.7 Summary 14 References 15 2 EMI Shielding Mechanism and Conversion Techniques 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 EMI Shielding Mechanisms 25 2.2.1 Shielding Effectiveness (SE) 26 2.2.2 SE/t, SSE, and SSE/t for Lightweight Shielding Materials with Minimal Thicknesses 29 2.2.3 Impact of Different Parameters on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 29 2.2.3.1 Distance of Shield from the Source 30 2.2.3.2 Frequency of the Incident Electromagnetic Field 30 2.2.3.3 Electrical Conductivity or Sheet Resistance 30 2.2.3.4 Thickness of Shield 31 2.2.3.5 Dielectric Losses 31 2.2.3.6 Magnetic Losses 32 2.3 Microwave Absorption Mechanisms 33 2.4 Scattering Parameter Conversion Method for Calculation of Permeability and Permittivity 35 2.4.1 Transmission/Reflection Method 35 2.4.2 Nicolson–Ross–Weir (NRW) Method 38 2.4.3 NIST Iterative Conversion Method 40 2.4.4 New Non-iterative Conversion Method 41 2.4.5 Short-Circuit Line (SCL) Method 43 2.5 Summary 46 References 47 3 Measurements and Standards 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 EMI Shielding Effectiveness (SE) Measurements 49 3.2.1 Coaxial Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Cell Methods 50 3.2.1.1 Coaxial Transmission Line Method 50 3.2.2 Methods Using Antennas or Electric/Magnetic Field Probes 50 3.2.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Method 50 3.2.2.2 Shielded Box Method 51 3.2.2.3 Shielded Room Method 51 3.2.2.4 Open-Field or Free Space Method 52 3.3 SE Measurement Systems and Standards 53 3.3.1 SE Calculations Using Experimental Scattering Parameters 53 3.4 Methods and Standards 55 3.4.1 Coaxial TEM Cell Methods 55 3.4.1.1 ASTM ES7-83 Method 56 3.4.1.2 ASTM D4935 Method 57 3.4.1.3 TEM-t Cell Method 58 3.4.1.4 Dual TEM Cell Method 59 3.4.1.5 Split TEM Cell 59 3.4.1.6 Apertured TEM Cell in a Reverberating Chamber 60 3.4.2 RectangularWaveguide Method 60 3.4.3 Methods Using Antennas or Electric/Magnetic Field Probes 61 3.4.3.1 Testing Methods Based on MIL-STD-285 61 3.4.3.2 Modified Radiation Method Based on MIL-G-83528 62 3.4.3.3 Dual Mode-Stirred Chamber 63 3.4.3.4 IEEE-STD-299 64 3.4.3.5 Free Space Methods 64 3.5 Summary 66 References 67 4 Graphene and Its Derivative for EMI Shielding 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Graphene for EMI Shielding 72 4.2.1 CVD-Grown Graphene Films with Transparency 72 4.2.2 Graphene Laminate Films 79 4.2.3 Graphene–Polymer Composites 85 4.2.4 Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 94 4.2.5 Graphene Hybrids with Other Carbon Materials 100 4.3 Graphene as a Microwave Absorber 105 4.4 Summary 116 References 118 5 MXenes as EMI Shielding Materials 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 MXenes for EMI Shielding 131 5.2.1 MXene Laminate Films 132 5.2.2 Fiber-Reinforced and Polymeric Composites of MXenes 140 5.2.3 MXene Hybrids with Other Nanomaterials 144 5.2.4 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly in MXene Composites 146 5.2.5 Porous Structures of MXenes 149 5.2.6 Segregated Structures of MXenes with Polymers 156 5.3 MXenes as Microwave Absorbers 157 5.4 Summary 165 References 166 6 Other 2D Materials 177 6.1 Introduction 177 6.2 2D Materials Beyond Graphene and MXenes 177 6.2.1 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) 177 6.2.2 Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) 184 6.2.3 Tantalum Disulfide (TaS2) 187 6.2.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) 189 6.2.5 Black Phosphorus (BP) 191 6.2.6 Copper Sulfide (CuS) 191 6.2.7 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 194 6.3 Summary 196 References 197 7 Conclusion and Perspectives 201 Index 203