Essentials of Environmental Engineering

Essentials of Environmental Engineering is designed for use in an introductory university undergrad course. This book introduces environmental engineering as a profession applying science and math theories to describe and explore the relationship between environmental science and environmental engineering. Environmental engineers work to sustain human existence by balancing human needs from impacts on the environment with the natural state of the environment. In the face of global pollution, diminishing natural resources, increased population growth (especially in disadvantaged countries), geopolitical warfare, global climate change (cyclical and/or human-caused), and other environmental problems, it is clear that we live in a world that is undergoing rapid ecological transformation. Because of these rapid changes, the role of environmental engineering has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, advances in technology have created a broad array of modern environmental issues. To mitigate these issues, we must capitalize on environmental protection and remediation opportunities presented by technology. Essentials of Environmental Engineering addresses these very issues. It was written with the student in mind. Complex topics are explained in an easy-to understand format and style. Numerous examples are given and chapter review questions along with solutions are provided in the text.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Note to the Reader: Pardon My Redundancy, Please! 1 Setting the Stage What Is Environment? 1 Environmental Equilibrium and the Fly in the Ointment 2 Pollution Defined 3 Key Terms 3 Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell 14 Unexpected Pollution 15 Pollution and Environmental Engineering 15 Thought-Provoking Questions 16 References and Recommended Reading 17 2 Air Pollution 19 Definition of Key Terms 19 Definitions 19 Atmospheric Krypton 21 Krypton: Physical Properties 21 Krypton: Uses 21 Atmospheric Xenon 21 Xenon: Physical Properties 21 Xenon: Uses 21 Atmospheric Hydrogen 21 Hydrogen: Physical Properties 22 Atmospheric Water 22 Atmospheric Particulate Matter 22 Boyle’s Law 23 Charles’s Law 24 Ideal Gas Law 24 Gas Conversions 25 Major Constituents 25 Both Major and Minor Constituents 26 Gas Velocity 26 Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time 26 Gas Density 26 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 27 Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere 27 Adiabatic Lapse Rate 27 Viscosity 28 Flow Characteristics 28 Surface Area and Volume 29 Aerodynamic Diameter 30 Particle Size Categories 30 Size Distribution 32 Particle Formation 32 Air Pollution Mechanics 33 Atmospheric Dispersion, Transportation and Deposition (EPA 2005) 34 Weather 35 Turbulence 35 Air Parcels 36 Buoyancy Factors 36 Lapse Rates 36 Mixing 37 Topography 37 Inversions 38 Plume Behavior 38 Plume Rise Equation 39 Transport 39 Dispersion Models 39 Air Pollution Control Technology 41 Air Pollution Control: Choices 41 Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems 42 Removal of Dry Particulate Matter 43 Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources 45 References and Recommended Reading 49 3Water Pollution 53 Surface Water 53 Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands 53 Surface Water Pollutants 54 Emerging Contaminants 55 Endocrine Disruptors 57 Biological Effects 58 Reproductive Effects 61 Neurological Effects 61 Immunological Effects 62 PPCPs 64 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 66 Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs 72 Landfills 74 Drinking Water 75 Domestic Animals 75 Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences 75 Personal Care Products in the Environment 82 Illicit Drugs in Wastewater 86 Surface Water Pollution: The Impact 87 Groundwater 87 Groundwater Uses and Sources 88 Wetlands 90 Water Treatment 91 Purpose of Water Treatment 91 Stages of Water Treatment 92 Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques 97 Hardness Treatment 98 Corrosion 100 Corrosion Control 101 Coagulation 103 Flocculation 105 Sedimentation 105 Filtration 105 Types of Filter Technologies 106 Filtration and Compliance with Turbidity Requirements 108 Additional Compliance Issues 109 Variances and Exemptions 112 Disinfection 112 Need for Disinfection in Water Treatment 113 Pathogens of Primary Concern 114 Recent Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 114 Mechanism of Pathogen Inactivation 116 Other Uses of Disinfectants in Water Treatment 116 Types of Disinfection Byproducts and Disinfection Residuals 119 Disinfection Byproduct Formation 120 DBP Control Strategies 122 Disinfection Strategy Selection 124 CT Factor 124 Disinfectant Residual Regulatory Requirements 124 Summary of Current National Disinfection Practices 125 Chlorination 126 Measuring Chlorine Residual 135 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 135 Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) 137 Alternative Technologies 137 Iron Filings 139 Photooxidation 139 Wastewater Treatment 139 The Wastewater Treatment Model 140 Wastewater Terminology and Definitions 141 Measuring Plant Performance 143 Plant Performance and Efficiency 143 Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge 144 Hydraulic Detention Time 144 Hydraulic Detention Time in Days 144 Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours 144 Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes 145 Wasterwater Sources and Characteristics 145 Wastewater Sources 145 Classification of Wastewater 146 Wastewater Characteristics 146 Wastewater Collection Systems 148 Gravity Collection System 148 Force Main Collection System 148 Vacuum System 148 Pumping Stations 148 Preliminary Wastewater Treatment 149 Screening 150 Shredding 152 Grit Removal 152 Preaeration 155 Chemical Addition 155 Equalization 155 Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation) 156 Types of Sedimentation Tanks 157 Sedimentation Calculations 157 Effluent from Settling Tanks 159 Secondary Treatment 160 Treatment Ponds 160 Trickling Filters 170 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) 177 Activated Sludge 180 Activated Sludge Terminology 180 Activated Sludge Process 182 Factors Affecting Operation of the Activated Sludge Process 183 Microorganism Growth Curve 183 Activated Sludge Formation 184 Activated Sludge Modifications 185 Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters 190 Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, and Mixed Liquor Total Suspended Solids 191 Disinfection of Wastewater 191 Chlorine Disinfection 192 Wastewater Chlorination Process Description 193 Ultraviolet Irradiation 196 Ozone 198 Bromine Chloride 199 No Disinfection 199 References and Recommended Reading 199 4 Soil Quality 213 Introduction 214 Soil Properties 216 Soil Formation 217 Soil Fertility 218 Soil Pollution 218 Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants 219 Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water 220 Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials 220 Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils 220 Dumps 220 Salt-Spreading on Roads 221 Animal Feedlots 221 Fertilizers and Pesticides 221 Accidental Spills 221 Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes 222 Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination 222 References and Recommended Reading 224 5Solid and Hazardous Waste 227 Solid Waste Characteristics 228 What Is a Hazardous Substance? 229 Hazardous Materials 230 Hazardous Substances 230 Extremely Hazardous Substances 230 Toxic Chemicals 230 Hazardous Wastes 230 Hazardous Chemicals 231 What Is a Hazardous Waste? 231 EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes 231 Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From? 232 Hazardous Waste Legislation 232 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 233 CERCLA 233 Waste Control Technology 234 Waste Minimalization 234 Steps to Recycling Materials 235 Treatment Technologies 236 Biological Treatment 236 Thermal Processes 237 Activated Carbon Sorption 237 Electrolytic Recovery Techniques 238 Air Stripping 238 Stabilization and Solidification 238 Filtration and Separation 238 Ultimate Disposal 238 Deep-Well Injection 239 Surface Impoundments 239 Waste Piles 240 Landfilling 240 Solid/Hazardous Waste Practice Problems 241 References and Recommended Reading 242 Index

About the Author :
Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 100 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. Many of his texts are readily available online, and several have been adopted for classroom use at major universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia; two have been translated into Spanish for South American markets He holds a BA in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and an MS and PhD in environmental engineering.