Essentials of Environmental Engineering is designed for use in an introductory university undergrad course. This book introduces environmental engineering as a profession applying science and math theories to describe and explore the relationship between environmental science and environmental engineering.
Environmental engineers work to sustain human existence by balancing human needs from impacts on the environment with the natural state of the environment. In the face of global pollution, diminishing natural resources, increased population growth (especially in disadvantaged countries), geopolitical warfare, global climate change (cyclical and/or human-caused), and other environmental problems, it is clear that we live in a world that is undergoing rapid ecological transformation. Because of these rapid changes, the role of environmental engineering has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, advances in technology have created a broad array of modern environmental issues. To mitigate these issues, we must capitalize on environmental protection and remediation opportunities presented by technology.
Essentials of Environmental Engineering addresses these very issues. It was written with the student in mind. Complex topics are explained in an easy-to understand format and style. Numerous examples are given and chapter review questions along with solutions are provided in the text.
Table of Contents:
Preface xi
Note to the Reader: Pardon My Redundancy, Please!
1 Setting the Stage
What Is Environment? 1
Environmental Equilibrium and the Fly in the Ointment 2
Pollution Defined 3
Key Terms 3
Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell 14
Unexpected Pollution 15
Pollution and Environmental Engineering 15
Thought-Provoking Questions 16
References and Recommended Reading 17
2 Air Pollution 19
Definition of Key Terms 19
Definitions 19
Atmospheric Krypton 21
Krypton: Physical Properties 21
Krypton: Uses 21
Atmospheric Xenon 21
Xenon: Physical Properties 21
Xenon: Uses 21
Atmospheric Hydrogen 21
Hydrogen: Physical Properties 22
Atmospheric Water 22
Atmospheric Particulate Matter 22
Boyle’s Law 23
Charles’s Law 24
Ideal Gas Law 24
Gas Conversions 25
Major Constituents 25
Both Major and Minor Constituents 26
Gas Velocity 26
Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time 26
Gas Density 26
Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 27
Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere 27
Adiabatic Lapse Rate 27
Viscosity 28
Flow Characteristics 28
Surface Area and Volume 29
Aerodynamic Diameter 30
Particle Size Categories 30
Size Distribution 32
Particle Formation 32
Air Pollution Mechanics 33
Atmospheric Dispersion, Transportation and Deposition (EPA 2005) 34
Weather 35
Turbulence 35
Air Parcels 36
Buoyancy Factors 36
Lapse Rates 36
Mixing 37
Topography 37
Inversions 38
Plume Behavior 38
Plume Rise Equation 39
Transport 39
Dispersion Models 39
Air Pollution Control Technology 41
Air Pollution Control: Choices 41
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems 42
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter 43
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources 45
References and Recommended Reading 49
3Water Pollution 53
Surface Water 53
Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands 53
Surface Water Pollutants 54
Emerging Contaminants 55
Endocrine Disruptors 57
Biological Effects 58
Reproductive Effects 61
Neurological Effects 61
Immunological Effects 62
PPCPs 64
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 66
Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs 72
Landfills 74
Drinking Water 75
Domestic Animals 75
Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences 75
Personal Care Products in the Environment 82
Illicit Drugs in Wastewater 86
Surface Water Pollution: The Impact 87
Groundwater 87
Groundwater Uses and Sources 88
Wetlands 90
Water Treatment 91
Purpose of Water Treatment 91
Stages of Water Treatment 92
Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques 97
Hardness Treatment 98
Corrosion 100
Corrosion Control 101
Coagulation 103
Flocculation 105
Sedimentation 105
Filtration 105
Types of Filter Technologies 106
Filtration and Compliance with Turbidity Requirements 108
Additional Compliance Issues 109
Variances and Exemptions 112
Disinfection 112
Need for Disinfection in Water Treatment 113
Pathogens of Primary Concern 114
Recent Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 114
Mechanism of Pathogen Inactivation 116
Other Uses of Disinfectants in Water Treatment 116
Types of Disinfection Byproducts and Disinfection Residuals 119
Disinfection Byproduct Formation 120
DBP Control Strategies 122
Disinfection Strategy Selection 124
CT Factor 124
Disinfectant Residual Regulatory Requirements 124
Summary of Current National Disinfection Practices 125
Chlorination 126
Measuring Chlorine Residual 135
Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 135
Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) 137
Alternative Technologies 137
Iron Filings 139
Photooxidation 139
Wastewater Treatment 139
The Wastewater Treatment Model 140
Wastewater Terminology and Definitions 141
Measuring Plant Performance 143
Plant Performance and Efficiency 143
Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge 144
Hydraulic Detention Time 144
Hydraulic Detention Time in Days 144
Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours 144
Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes 145
Wasterwater Sources and Characteristics 145
Wastewater Sources 145
Classification of Wastewater 146
Wastewater Characteristics 146
Wastewater Collection Systems 148
Gravity Collection System 148
Force Main Collection System 148
Vacuum System 148
Pumping Stations 148
Preliminary Wastewater Treatment 149
Screening 150
Shredding 152
Grit Removal 152
Preaeration 155
Chemical Addition 155
Equalization 155
Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation) 156
Types of Sedimentation Tanks 157
Sedimentation Calculations 157
Effluent from Settling Tanks 159
Secondary Treatment 160
Treatment Ponds 160
Trickling Filters 170
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) 177
Activated Sludge 180
Activated Sludge Terminology 180
Activated Sludge Process 182
Factors Affecting Operation of the Activated Sludge Process 183
Microorganism Growth Curve 183
Activated Sludge Formation 184
Activated Sludge Modifications 185
Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters 190
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, and Mixed
Liquor Total Suspended Solids 191
Disinfection of Wastewater 191
Chlorine Disinfection 192
Wastewater Chlorination Process Description 193
Ultraviolet Irradiation 196
Ozone 198
Bromine Chloride 199
No Disinfection 199
References and Recommended Reading 199
4 Soil Quality 213
Introduction 214
Soil Properties 216
Soil Formation 217
Soil Fertility 218
Soil Pollution 218
Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants 219
Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water 220
Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials 220
Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils 220
Dumps 220
Salt-Spreading on Roads 221
Animal Feedlots 221
Fertilizers and Pesticides 221
Accidental Spills 221
Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes 222
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination 222
References and Recommended Reading 224
5Solid and Hazardous Waste 227
Solid Waste Characteristics 228
What Is a Hazardous Substance? 229
Hazardous Materials 230
Hazardous Substances 230
Extremely Hazardous Substances 230
Toxic Chemicals 230
Hazardous Wastes 230
Hazardous Chemicals 231
What Is a Hazardous Waste? 231
EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes 231
Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From? 232
Hazardous Waste Legislation 232
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 233
CERCLA 233
Waste Control Technology 234
Waste Minimalization 234
Steps to Recycling Materials 235
Treatment Technologies 236
Biological Treatment 236
Thermal Processes 237
Activated Carbon Sorption 237
Electrolytic Recovery Techniques 238
Air Stripping 238
Stabilization and Solidification 238
Filtration and Separation 238
Ultimate Disposal 238
Deep-Well Injection 239
Surface Impoundments 239
Waste Piles 240
Landfilling 240
Solid/Hazardous Waste Practice Problems 241
References and Recommended Reading 242
Index
About the Author :
Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 100 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. Many of his texts are readily available online, and several have been adopted for classroom use at major universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia; two have been translated into Spanish for South American markets
He holds a BA in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and an MS and PhD in environmental engineering.
