Foundations of Speech and Hearing: Anatomy and Physiology

This accessible and richly illustrated textbook covers the anatomy and physiology of speaking, hearing, and swallowing. Designed primarily for undergraduate students interested in pursuing careers in speech-language pathology, audiology, and speech and hearing sciences, it is written with clinical endpoints in mind and is neither oversimplified nor excessively detailed. The topics covered—including speaking and its subsystems (respiratory, laryngeal, velopharyngeal-nasal, and pharyngeal-oral), hearing and its subsystems (outer, middle, and inner ears), swallowing, and the nervous system—are those that are ultimately relevant to understanding, evaluating, and managing clients with communication and swallowing disorders. New to the Third Edition New coauthor, Rosemary A. Lester-Smith, PhD, CCC-SLP, with substantial knowledge and experience in basic science, clinical application, and classroom teaching  100+ new or updated illustrations  Descriptions of selected instrumentation and measurements commonly used in clinical settings Clinical case scenarios with embedded self-test questions to reinforce knowledge and gain insight into real-life applications  Extensively revised text to enhance clarity and provide support for beginning students  Updated material based on recent literature New and updated online resources (videos, PowerPoint slides, lab activities, study guides, knowledge checks, and test bank)  Key Features Numerous beautiful, full-color illustrations  Complex information presented clearly and concisely, in an easy-to-understand manner More than 25 videos that demonstrate key concepts in the text, nearly all of which were created specifically for this book  Clinical applications are woven throughout the text Clinical cases that highlight the relevance of anatomy and physiology to the clinical practices of speech-language pathology and audiology “Sidetracks” offer informal and engaging ways to help students connect content to everyday experiences A robust offering of online resources for both instructors and students  PluralPlus Online AncillariesFor instructors: Instructor Overview, PowerPoint Slides, Videos, Lab Activities, Test Banks For students: Videos, Study Guides, Knowledge Checks

Table of Contents:
Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors About the Illustrator     CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS     Introduction     Stages of Spoken Communication     Subsystems         Speech Subsystems         Hearing Subsystems     Directions and Planes         Directions             Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal)             Superior/Inferior (Rostral/Caudal)             Medial/Lateral             Proximal/Distal             External/Internal (Superficial/Deep)             Ipsilateral/Contralateral         Planes             Sagittal Plane             Coronal Plane             Horizontal Plane     Tissue Types         Neural Tissue         Muscle Tissue         Connective Tissue         Epithelial Tissue     Movements and Forces     Review     CHAPTER 2. NEURAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS FOR SPEAKING, HEARING, AND SWALLOWING Introduction     Organizing Concepts         Central Versus Peripheral Nervous System         Anatomical Planes and Directions         Gray Matter and Nuclei         White Matter and Fiber Tracts         Ganglia         Efferent and Afferent         Lateralization, Specialization, and Somatotopic Organization         Motor and Sensory Integration     Cerebral Hemispheres         Frontal Lobe             Primary Motor Cortex             Broca’s Area             Premotor and Supplementary Motor Area             Prefrontal Cortex         Parietal Lobe         Temporal Lobe         Occipital Lobe         Insula         Limbic System (Limbic Lobe)     Cerebral White Matter         Association Tracts         Striatal Tracts         Commissural Tracts         Descending Projection Tracts         Ascending Projection Tracts     Subcortical Nuclei and Cerebellum         Basal Ganglia         Thalamus         Cerebellum     Brainstem         Surface Features of the Brainstem: Ventral View             Ventral Surface of Midbrain             Ventral Surface of Pons             Ventral Surface of Medulla         Surface Features of the Brainstem: Dorsal View             Dorsal Surface of Midbrain             Dorsal Surface of Pons             Dorsal Surface of Medulla     Cranial Nerves and Associated Brainstem Nuclei         Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)         Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)         Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)         Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)         Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)         Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)         Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)     Spinal Cord     Spinal Nerves     Cortical Motor Innervation Patterns     Nervous System Cells         Glial Cells         Neurons             Cell Body (Soma)          Dendrites             Axon and Terminal Segment         Synapse             Presynaptic Membrane             Postsynaptic Membrane             Synaptic Cleft         Electrochemical Transmission             Resting Potential             Action Potential             Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters         Neuromuscular Junction     Meninges, Ventricles, and Blood Supply         Meninges         Ventricles and CSF         Blood Supply of Brain             Anterior Circulation             Posterior Circulation             Circle of Willis     Review     References     CHAPTER 3. RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION     Introduction     Respiratory Anatomy         Skeletal Framework         Respiratory System Subdivisions             Pulmonary Apparatus             Chest Wall             Pulmonary Apparatus–Chest Wall Unit     Forces of the Respiratory System         Passive Force         Active Force             Muscles of the Rib Cage Wall             Muscle of the Diaphragm             Muscles of the Abdominal Wall         Summary of Passive and Active Forces         Realization of Passive and Active Forces     Movements of the Respiratory System         Movements of the Rib Cage Wall         Movements of the Diaphragm         Movements of the Abdominal Wall         Relative Movements of the Rib Cage Wall and Diaphragm-Abdominal Wall         Forces Underlying Movements     Respiratory Control Variables         Lung Volume         Alveolar Pressure         Chest Wall Shape     Neural Control of Breathing         Control of Tidal Breathing         Control of Special Acts of Breathing         Peripheral Nerves of Breathing     Ventilation and Gas Exchange During Tidal Breathing     Speech Breathing         Extended Steady Utterances         Connected Speech Activities     Variables That Influence Respiratory Structure and Function         Body Position         Body Type         Age         Sex         Ventilation and Drive to Breathe         Cognitive-Linguistic and Social Variables     Clinical Measurements of Respiratory Function         Spirometry         Manometry         Plethysmography         Pulse Oximetry     Clinical Case: Spinal Cord Injury     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions     CHAPTER 4. LARYNGEAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION     Introduction     Laryngeal Anatomy         Skeletal Framework             Thyroid Cartilage             Cricoid Cartilage             Arytenoid and Corniculate Cartilages             Epiglottis             Hyoid Bone         Laryngeal Joints             Cricothyroid Joints             Cricoarytenoid Joints         Internal Topography             Laryngeal Cavity             Vocal Folds             Ventricular Folds             Laryngeal Ventricles             Ligaments and Membranes     Forces of the Larynx         Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles         Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles         Supplementary Muscles             Infrahyoid Muscles             Suprahyoid Muscles         Summary of the Laryngeal Muscles     Movements of the Larynx         Movements of the Vocal Folds             Vocal Fold Abduction             Vocal Fold Adduction             Vocal Fold Length Change         Movements of the Ventricular Folds         Movements of the Epiglottis         Movements of the Laryngeal Housing     Laryngeal Control Variables         Laryngeal Opposing Pressure         Laryngeal Airway Resistance         Glottal Size and Configuration         Stiffness of the Vocal Folds         Effective Mass of the Vocal Folds     Neural Control of the Larynx     Laryngeal Function and Speech Production         Transient Noise Production         Sustained Noise Production         Sustained Voice Production             Vocal Fold Vibration             Fundamental Frequency             Sound Pressure Level             Fundamental Frequency-Sound Pressure Level Profiles             Spectrum             Voice Registers         Connected Speech Activities             Fundamental Frequency             Sound Pressure Level             Spectrum             Articulation     Variables That Influence Laryngeal Structure and Function         Age         Sex     Clinical Measurements of Laryngeal Function         Endoscopy         Electroglottography         Aeromechanical Observations     Clinical Case: Vocal Fold Paralysis     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions     CHAPTER 5. VELOPHARYNGEAL-NASAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Introduction     Velopharyngeal-Nasal Anatomy         Skeletal Framework         Pharynx         Velum         Nasal Cavities         Outer Nose     Forces of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Mechanism         Muscles of the Pharynx         Muscles of the Velum         Muscles of the Outer Nose     Movements of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Mechanism         Movements of the Pharynx         Movements of the Velum         Movements of the Outer Nose         Movements That Change the Size of the Velopharyngeal Port     Velopharyngeal-Nasal Control Variables         Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance         Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression         Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance     Neural Control of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Mechanism     Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Ventilation     Velopharyngeal Function and Speech Production         Sustained Utterances         Connected Speech Activities     Variables That Influence Velopharyngeal-Nasal Structure and Function         Body Position         Age         Sex     Clinical Measurements of Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function         Nasendoscopy         Aeromechanical Observations         Nasometry     Clinical Case: Cleft Lip and Palate     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions     CHAPTER 6. PHARYNGEAL-ORAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION     Introduction     Pharyngeal-Oral Anatomy         Skeletal Framework             Maxilla             Mandible             Temporomandibular Joints         Internal Topography             Pharyngeal Cavity             Oral Cavity             Buccal Cavity             Mucous Lining     Forces of the Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism         Muscles of the Pharynx         Muscles of the Mandible         Muscles of the Tongue         Muscles of the Lips     Movements of the Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism         Movements of the Pharynx         Movements of the Mandible         Movements of the Tongue         Movements of the Lips     Pharyngeal-Oral Control Variables         Pharyngeal-Oral Lumen Size and Configuration         Pharyngeal-Oral Structural Contact Pressure         Pharyngeal-Oral Airway Resistance         Pharyngeal-Oral Acoustic Resonances     Neural Control of the Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism     Speech Production: Sound Generation and Filtering     Speech Production: Articulatory Descriptions         Vowels             Place of Major Constriction             Degree of Major Constriction             Lip Rounding             Real-Life Vowels         Diphthongs         Consonants             Manner of Production             Place of Production             Voicing             Real-Life Consonants     Speech Production: Articulatory Processes         Coarticulation         Articulatory Phonology or Gesture Theory     Variables That Influence Pharyngeal-Oral Structure and Function         Age         Sex     Clinical Measurements of Pharyngeal-Oral Structure and Function         Structural and Functional Imaging         Articulatory Tracking         Acoustic Observations and Measurement     Clinical Case: Glossectomy     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions     CHAPTER 7. SWALLOWING STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION     Introduction     Anatomy         Esophagus         Stomach         Salivary Glands     Forces and Movements of Swallowing         Oral Preparatory Phase         Oral Transport Phase         Pharyngeal Phase         Esophageal Phase         Overlap of Phases     Breathing and Swallowing     Neural Control of Swallowing         Role of the Peripheral Nervous System         Role of the Central Nervous System     Variables That Influence Swallowing         Bolus Characteristics             Consistency and Texture             Volume             Taste         Swallowing Mode             Single Versus Sequential Swallows             Cued Versus Uncued Swallows         Body Position         Age         Sex     Clinical Measurements of Swallowing         Videofluoroscopy         Endoscopy         Ultrasonography         Manometry     Clinical Case: Parkinson’s Disease     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions     CHAPTER 8. AUDITORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION     Introduction     Skeletal Framework     Peripheral Anatomy of the Ear         Outer Ear (Conductive Mechanism)             Pinna             External Auditory Meatus             Tympanic Membrane         Middle Ear (Conductive Mechanism)             Ossicles and Associated Structures             Ligaments and Muscles of the Middle Ear             Eustachian Tube             Summary of Middle Ear Structures         Inner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism)             Semicircular Canals             Vestibule             Cochlea             Cochlear Nerve         Transformation of Sound by the Ear             Transformation of Sound by the Conductive Mechanism             Transformation of Sound by the Sensorineural Mechanism         Central Auditory Pathways         Clinical Measurements of Hearing             Pure-Tone Audiometry             Auditory Brainstem Response             Otoacoustic Emissions Clinical Case: Unilateral Hearing Loss     Review     References     Answers to Clinical Case Questions Index

About the Author :
Jeannette D. Hoit, PhD, CCC-SLP (Retired), is Professor Emerita in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and former director of Postdoctoral Affairs at the University of Arizona. Dr. Hoit received her BA in anthropology from the University of California at Los Angeles, her MA in communication disorders from San Diego State University, and her PhD in speech and hearing sciences from the University of Arizona and pursued postdoctoral study at the Harvard School of Public Health Respiratory Biology Program and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Speech Research Laboratory. Dr. Hoit’s research focused on speech physiology with an emphasis on normal aging and development, neuromotor speech disorders, and respiratory function and dysfunction. Dr. Hoit is past editor of the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, a fellow of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and University of Arizona College of Science Galileo Fellow. She has received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from San Diego State University and several teaching and mentoring awards from the University of Arizona. Gary Weismer, PhD, is Oros-Bascom Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the Pennsylvania State University and his doctorate from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1975. Dr. Weismer’s research publications concern speech production in healthy talkers, as well as speech production and speech intelligibility in persons with motor speech disorders. Dr. Weismer served twice as Associate Editor for the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (formerly the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research), as Associate Editor at Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica (FPL) from 2004 to 2011, and as Editor-in-Chief at FPL from 2011 to 2016. During his 35 years at University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Weismer won several teaching awards, including for mentoring efforts in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Honors program. Dr. Weismer mentored 16 doctoral students during his career, many of whom are currently scientific leaders and university administrators. He is a past member of the Executive Board of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP), an Honored Member of IALP, a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and past chair of his department. He has edited, authored, and coauthored five textbooks. Brad H. Story, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs in the College of Science at the University of Arizona. Dr. Story received his BS in Applied Physics from the University of Northern Iowa in 1987 and his PhD in Speech and Hearing Sciences from the University of Iowa in 1995. From 1987-1991, he was employed in industry as an engineer where he developed computational models and instrumentation systems for designing and measuring the performance of mufflers. Dr. Story’s research publications concern the mechanics, aerodynamics, and acoustics of speech production, as well as the perception of speech sounds. Dr. Story is a past Associate Editor for the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), and recipient of the ASA’s Rossing Prize in Acoustics Education in 2016. Dr. Story was recognized by the American Speech Language and Hearing Association in 2013 with the Willard R. Zemlin Lecture Award, and by the University of Iowa in 2018 with a Distinguished Alum Award. His research has been supported by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. Rosemary A. Lester-Smith, PhD, CCC-SLP, is an Associate Professor of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin. She received a BA in speech and hearing sciences from the University of New Mexico, an MA in speech and hearing sciences from Indiana University, an MS in clinical investigation from Northwestern University, and a PhD in speech, language, and hearing sciences with a minor in neuroscience from the University of Arizona. She completed postdoctoral training at Mayo Clinic, Boston University, Northwestern University, and Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago). Dr. Lester-Smith’s research focuses on voice production in speakers with neurological disorders, healthy speakers, and singers with the goal of understanding factors that impair or improve vocal control. Her research is supported by the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Lester-Smith is also a certified speech-language pathologist and has worked in a variety of clinical settings, primarily evaluating and treating adults with voice and swallowing disorders.