Elements of Power Systems

Elements of Power Systems prepares students for engineering degrees, diplomas, Associate Member of the Institution of Engineers (AMIE) examinations, or corresponding examinations in electrical power systems. Complete with case studies, worked examples, and circuit schematic diagrams, this comprehensive text: Provides a solid understanding of the theoretical aspects of power system engineering Instills a practical knowledge of large-scale power system analysis techniques Covers load characteristics, tariffs, power system stability, and more Elements of Power Systems is designed as an undergraduate-level textbook, but the book also makes a handy reference for practicing power engineers.

Table of Contents:
Introductory Introduction Significance of Electrical Energy Basic Concepts of Power System Single-Line Diagram of a Power Supply Network Different Types of Energy Sources Per-Unit Systems Introduction Per-Unit Representation of Basic Electrical Quantities Change of Base Per-Unit Quantities in a Three-Phase System Base Quantities in Terms of kV and MVA Per-Unit Impedance of a Transformer Advantages of pu Representation Worked Examples Load Characteristics Introduction Load Variable Load Connected Load Demand Demand Interval Maximum Demand or Peak Load Demand Factor Average Load or Average Demand Load Factor Diversity Factor Plant Capacity Factor Plant Use Factor Units Generated Per Annum Loss Factor Load Curves Information Obtained From Load Curves Load Duration Curve Information Available From Load Duration Curve Worked Examples Tariffs Introduction Objectives of Tariff Desirable Characteristics of a Tariff Types of Tariff Worked Examples Mechanical Design of Overhead Line Introduction Conductor Material Line Supports Indian Electricity Rules (1956) for Overhead Lines Sag in Overhead Lines Calculation of Sag Sag Template Stringing Chart Worked Examples Overhead Line Insulators Introduction Insulator Materials Types of Insulators Potential Distribution over Suspension Insulator String String Efficiency Mathematical Expression Methods of Improving String Efficiency Effects of Rain on the String Efficiency Worked Examples Corona Introduction The Phenomenon of Corona Theory of Corona Formation Factors Affecting Corona Advantages of Corona Disadvantages Methods of Reducing Corona Effect Critical Disruptive Voltage Visual Critical Voltage Power Loss Due to Corona Radio Interference Inductive Interference between Power and Communication Lines Worked Examples Transmission Line Parameters Introduction Line Inductance Flux Linkage Due to a Single Current-Carrying Conductor Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line Flux Linkages of One Conductor in a Group of Conductors Inductance of Three-Phase Overhead Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing Inductance of Three-Phase Line with More than One Circuit Capacitance Potential at a Charged Single Conductor System of Conductors Capacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line Capacitance of a Three-Phase Overhead Lines Effect of Earth on the Transmission Line Capacitance Bundled Conductor Skin Effect Proximity Effect Worked Examples Performance of Transmission Lines Introduction Classification of Lines Performance of Single-Phase Short Transmission Line Short Three-Phase Line Transmission Line as Two Port Network Line Regulation Line Efficiency Performance of Medium Transmission Line Calculation of Transmission Efficiency and Regulation of Medium Line Long Transmission Line Evaluation of ABCD Constants Ferranti Effect ABCD Constants Worked Examples Underground Cables Introduction Insulating Materials for Cables Construction of Cables Classification of Cable Cables for Three-Phase Service Laying of Underground Cables Insulation Resistance of a Single-Core Cable Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable Dielectric Stress in a Single-Core Cable Most Economical Conductor Size in a Cable Grading of Cables Capacitance in a Three-Core-Belted Cable Measurement of Cc and Cs Current-Carrying Capacity Thermal Resistance Thermal Resistance of Dielectric of a Single-Core Cable Types of Cable Faults Loop Tests for Location of Faults in Underground Cables Worked Examples Distribution System Introduction Classification of Distribution Systems DC Distribution Connection Schemes of Distribution System Types of DC Distributors DC Distribution Calculations DC Distributor Fed at One End—Concentrated Loading DC Distributor Fed at One End—Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at Both Ends—Concentrated Loading Distributor Fed at Both Ends—Uniformly Loaded Ring Distributor Ring Main Distributor with Interconnector AC Distribution AC Distribution Calculation Methods of Solving AC Distribution Problems Worked Examples Fault Analysis Introduction Classification of Faults Symmetrical Component Method Significance of Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Components Operator (a) Voltage of the Neutral Sequence Network Equations Sequence Impedances of Power System Elements Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults Single Line-to-Ground Fault (L-G) Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault L-L-L Fault/Three-Phase Fault/Symmetrical Fault Worked Examples Circuit Breakers Introduction Difference between CB and Fuse Operating Principle of CB Arc Phenomenon Principles of Arc Extinction Methods of Arc Extinction Some Important Definitions Expression for Restriking Voltage Transients Current Chopping Resistance Switching CB Ratings Autoreclosing Classification of CBs Oil CBs Types of Oil CBs Plain-Break Oil CBs Arc Control Oil CBs Low-Oil CBs Maintenance of Oil CBs Air-Blast CBs Types of Air-Blast CB Vacuum CBs SF6 CBs High-Voltage DC CB Worked Examples Different Types of Relays Introduction Essential Qualities of Protection Classification of Relay Basic Relay Terminology Zones of Protection Primary and Backup Protection Classification of Protective Scheme Construction and Operating Principles of Relay Overcurrent Protection Time–Current Characteristics Current Setting Plug Setting Multiplier Time Multiplier Setting Overcurrent Protection Scheme Directional Power or Reverse Power Relay Directional Overcurrent Relay Protection of Parallel Feeder Protection of Ring Mains Earth Fault Protection Scheme Distance Protection Scheme Impedance Relay Reactance Relay mho Type Distance Relay Universal Torque Equation Differential Relays Simple Differential Relay Percentage Differential Relay Balanced Voltage Differential Relay Translay Relay Worked Examples Protection of Alternator and Transformers Introduction Protection of Alternators Stator Protection Rotor Protection Miscellaneous Transformer Protection Percentage Differential Protection Overheating Protection Rate of Rise of Pressure Relay Overcurrent Protection Overfluxing Protection Earth Fault Protection Buchholz Relay Generator-Transformer Unit Protection Worked Examples Travelling Wave Introduction Surge Impedance and Velocity of Propagation Reflection and Refraction of Waves Receiving End Transmission Operating on No-Load Condition Receiving End Operating on Short Circuit Condition Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction Worked Examples Earthing Introduction Objects of Earthing Classification of Earthing Isolated Neutral or Undergrounded Neutral Advantages of Neutral Grounding Methods of Neutral Grounding Worked Examples Substation Introduction Substation Classification of Substations Comparison between Outdoor and Indoor Substations Transformer Substations Equipment in a Transformer Substation Bus-Bar Arrangements in Substations Key Diagram of 11 kV/400 V Indoor Substation Power System Stability Introduction Stability Limits and Power Transmission Capability Infinite Bus Synchronous Generator Connected to an Infinite Bus Powers-Angle Curve Power Angle Relations for General Network Configuration Steady-State Stability Criterion Transient Stability Swing Equation Swing Curves M and H Constants Equivalent System Equivalent M Constant of Two Machines Equal-Area Criterion of Stability System Fault and Subsequent Circuit Isolation Methods of Improving Stability Worked Examples Load Flows Introduction Bus Classification Bus Admittance Matrix Development of Static Load Flow Equation Gauss–Seidel Iterative Technique GS Method of Solution of Load Flow Equation using Ybus Newton–Raphson Method for Load Flow Solution Comparison of Load Flow Analysis Methods Worked Examples

About the Author :
Pradip Kumar Sadhu holds bachelor, post-graduate, and Ph.D degrees in electrical engineering from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. Dr. Sadhu has 18 years of experience in teaching and industry. Currently, he is a professor and head of the Electrical Engineering Department of the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, where he has guided a large number of doctoral candidates and M.Tech students. He holds four patents, has been published in several national and international journals and conference proceedings, and is principal investigator of a number of government-funded projects. Soumya Das holds a B.Tech from the West Bengal University of Technology and an ME from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D with the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He is also an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India, where he has guided a large number of B.Tech and M.Tech students. Previously, he was an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan, India.

Review :
"... Seeing the content, it is evident that this book will be a very good contribution that covers many aspects of power systems and components. ... I strongly believe that this book will be interesting for students and professionals in electrical power engineering. -Dr. Dipl.-Ing. M. Popov, TU Delft "... provides an important resource for engineers, instructors, applied researchers and students in the field of power engineering (PE). ... this well-written book offers broad coverage of important issues, operating concepts and control techniques commonly addressed in most textbooks regarding power systems." -Dr. Chao-Tsung Ma, Dept. EE, CEECS, National United University, Taiwan.