Introduction to Corrections

Millions in our nation are under some type of judicial sanction, with some individuals behind bars but the majority serving their sentences while living and working among us. Introduction to Corrections examines predominant issues related to the system of administering to offenders in the United States. Written in a simple, concise style and enhanced with discussion questions and a list of key terms in each chapter, this volume begins with an overview of the system and a historical review and then focuses on select issues, including: Sentencing goals and rationales, and types of sentencing Noncustodial supervision, including probation, electronic monitoring, home confinement, halfway houses, and offender registration Parole and postconfinement release Jail, prison, and jurisdictional differences in correction systems Challenges faced by corrections personnel, including overcrowding, health issues, sexual assault in institutions, and prison gangs Constitutional challenges to inmate controls Issues related to victims’ rights, including federal and state funds and notification programs Correctional counseling perspectives and prevailing sociological theories Controversies surrounding capital punishment in the United States Juvenile corrections, including probation, parole, and life sentences for minors The evolution of corrections in the United States has spanned three centuries and has moved from an origin of basic community-based confinement to an extensive system that includes federal, state, local, private, and military facilities and programs. Examining diverse topics relevant to a range of professionals in the corrections community, this book explores the functions of corrections as well as those who serve in the profession.

Table of Contents:
Section I: Foundations of Corrections An Overview of Corrections Correctional Foundations The Global Community Crime How Do We View Corrections? What Is Corrections? A Snapshot of Those Adults Confined and Under Judicial Sanctions Juvenile Offenders Professional Opportunities in Corrections What Is the Goal of Corrections? Corrections: A Historical View Foundation for Institutional Corrections and the Rule of Law England Early Prison Reform and Reformers Development of the American Prison System The Penitentiary in America: New-Gate, Walnut Street Jail, and the Early Efforts to Develop Prisons The Reform Era Emergence of the National Prison Association Early Steps in Federal Confinement Early 1900s The Industrial Era Early Twentieth-Century Correctional Leaders and the Concept of Prisonization Riots, Litigation, and Reform A New Era in Corrections Sentencing Sentencing Goals and Rationales Types of Sentences Sentencing Models Sentencing Disparity Section II: Community Corrections History and Process of Probation and Noncustodial Supervision Overview of Noncustodial Supervision Probation History of Probation Foundations of Federal Probation and Pretrial Services The Probation Process Offender Assessment Electronic Monitoring Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) Community Corrections Day and Evening Reporting Centers Home Confinement Programs Residential Reentry Centers or Halfway Houses Offender Registration Correctional Treatment Termination of Probation and Noncustodial Supervision History and Process of Parole and Postconfinement Release Postconfinement Release Options Foundations of the Concept of Parole Overview of Parole in the United States History of Parole in the United States Parole Differs From Probation Parole Boards and Parole Selection Other Factors Influencing the Awarding of Parole Process of Parole and Postconfinement Supervision Termination of Parole or Postconfinement Release Section III: Institutional Corrections Jails The Gaol The Advent of the Jail Coming to Jail The Garage Sally Port Booking/Intake Inmate Classification How Inmate Classification Works Inmate Housing Inmate Supervision Work Release Programs Inmate Healthcare Inmate Programs Managing a Jail Jail Overcrowding The Jail as a Place of Execution Correctional Systems and Institutions Types of Correctional Systems and Institutions Local Corrections State Corrections Federal Corrections Private Corrections Military Corrections Juvenile Corrections Prison Life Staff: Managing the Prisoners Correctional Officers The Role of the Corrections Officer Correctional Officer Assignments Gender Correctional Officer Power Training of Correctional Personnel Administering Inmate Rehabilitation Programs Inmate World: Living Behind Bars The Inmate Subculture Social Structure How Does It Form? Prison Social Structure and the Inmate Code Male Prison Sexuality Inmate Suicide and Prison Mentally Ill Inmates Aging Offenders A Society of Violent Males The Radicalization of Male Prison Inmates Female Inmates Critical Needs in Dealing With Female Inmates Female Prison Sexuality Female Inmate Suicide and Self-Mutilation Section IV: Issues in Corrections Current Issues and Problems Facing Corrections Funding Personnel Recruitment, Training, and Accreditation Overcrowding of Institutions Health, Medical, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse Treatment Health Issues: HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Hepatitis Drug and Alcohol Treatment Sexual Offender Treatment Programs Aging Offender Population Violence and Sexual Assault in Institutions Prison Gangs Women in Prison Privatization Inmate Litigation Breaking the Cycle of Recidivism Inmate Rights and Correctional Law History of Correctional Law Inmate Access to the Courts (First Amendment) Inmate Mail and Other Communications (First Amendment) Religion (First Amendment) Visitation and Association Rights of Inmates (First Amendment) Search, Seizure, and Inmate Privacy (Fourth Amendment) Inmate Discipline and Due Process (5th and 14th Amendments) Other Due Process Issues: Classification, Transfers, Personal Injuries, and Property Loss (5th and 14th Amendments) Conditions of Imprisonment: Cruel and Unusual Punishment (Eighth Amendment) Health Care (Eighth Amendment) Female Inmates and Other Special Inmate Populations (14th Amendment) Inmate Labor Victims’ Rights History of the Crime Victims’ Movement in the United States Types of Victims Costs That Crime Victims Suffer The Role Correctional Agencies Play in Meeting Victims’ Needs Correctional Counseling Defining Correctional Treatment Institutional Versus Community-Based Correctional Treatment Specialists Custodial Staff Versus Correctional Treatment Staff Theoretical Counseling Perspectives Group Versus Individual Counseling Capital Punishment Methods of Execution Used in the United States History of the Death Penalty in the United States Further Evolution of the Death Penalty in the United States Old Sparky: Texas Prison Museum The Move to Eliminate Capital Punishment Death Penalty in the United States after Gilmore Execution and Gender Capital Punishment: Jurisdictional View Issues in Capital Punishment Juvenile Corrections Juvenile Crime Who Is the Juvenile Offender? The Juvenile System Balanced and Restorative Justice and the Juvenile Offender Juvenile Corrections: A Historical Glance Juvenile Institutions, Detention, and Residential Confinement Sheltered Care Facilities and Community Residential Facilities Case Management and Supervision Juvenile Justice Issues Juvenile Probation, Parole, and Aftercare Life Without Parole for Juveniles Interstate Compact on Juveniles Index

About the Author :
David H. McElreath, PhD, has served as professor and chair, Department of Legal Studies, the University of Mississippi; professor and chair, Department of Criminal Justice, Washburn University; associate professor, Southeast Missouri State University; assistant professor, the University of Southern Mississippi; instructor, Itawamba (Mississippi) Community College; colonel, U.S. Marine Corps; and he has held law enforcement and corrections positions with the Oxford (Mississippi) Police and Forrest County (Mississippi) Sheriff’s Departments. His education and training include a PhD in adult education and criminal justice, University of Southern Mississippi; an MSS, U.S. Army War College; MCJ, the University of Mississippi; BPA, the University of Mississippi; and he is a graduate of the U.S. Army War College. He is also the author or coauthor of numerous textbooks and publications on the criminal justice and homeland security systems. Linda Keena, PhD, obtained her BCJ (1984) and MS (1991) degrees in criminal justice from Southeast Missouri State University, and her PhD (2006) from the University of Missouri. She is a former State of Missouri adult probation and parole officer and has taught in the Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology at Southeast Missouri State University, and most recently in the legal studies department at the University of Mississippi. She has established a record of scholarly publications that reflects a variety of criminal justice, restorative justice, religion, corrections, and community-based research topics. In addition, she is coauthor and project director for MEDFELS, a nationally recognized methamphetamine program for elementary schools. Dr. Keena is codirector of the Violence Prevention Office at the University of Mississippi, a program funded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice, aimed at educating students and staff about the realities of sexual assault, relationship violence, and stalking. Greg Etter, EdD, is an assistant professor of criminal justice at the University of Central Missouri. He retired as a lieutenant with the Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Office in Wichita, Kansas, after 29 years of service. He is rated as a gang expert by the National Gang Crime Research Center in Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Etter’s educational background includes BS and MS degrees from Wichita State University, and he earned his doctorate from Oklahoma State University. He is a member of the National Sheriff’s Association, American Jail Association, American Correction’s Association, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, and the American Society of Criminology. He is the author of a textbook on hate crimes and numerous journal articles. Dr. Etter has presented papers and conducted law enforcement and corrections training all over the United States and Canada. Ellis Stuart Jr. has served as director of public safety for the City of Hazlehurst, Mississippi; contract agent for the Mississippi Metro Narcotics Task Force, chief of police for the City of Greenwood Mississippi, director of public safety for the Mississippi University for Women, hearing officer for the Mississippi Parole Board, probation and parole officer for the Mississippi Department of Corrections, youth court counselor for the Mississippi Department of Youth Services, and juvenile planner for the Law Enforcement Administration Division, Mississippi Office of the Governor. Mr. Stuart’s education and training include a master’s degree in criminal Justice from Mississippi Valley State University, a bachelor’s degree in social and rehabilitation services from the University of Southern Mississippi, and he is a graduate of the Mississippi Law Enforcement Officers Academy, Mississippi State Fire Academy, and FBI National Academy. Mr. Stuart is currently serving as the Copiah County (Mississippi) coroner.