Improving Farmed Fish Quality and Safety

Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly over the last 50 years. It is generally accepted that there is limited potential to increase traditional fisheries since most fish stocks are well or fully exploited. Consequently, increased aquaculture production is required in order to maintain global per capita fish consumption at the present level. Fish farming enables greater control of product quality and safety, and presents the possibility of tailoring products according to consumer demands. This important collection reviews safety and quality issues in farmed fish and presents methods to improve product characteristics. The first part of the book focuses on chemical contaminants, chemical use in aquaculture and farmed fish safety. After an opening chapter discussing the risks and benefits of consumption of farmed fish, subsequent contributions consider environmental contaminants, pesticides, drug use and antibiotic resistance in aquaculture. Part two addresses important quality issues, such as selective breeding to improve flesh quality, the effects of dietary factors including alternative lipids and proteins sources on eating quality, microbial safety of farmed products, parasites, flesh coloration and off-flavors. Part two also covers welfare issues and the ethical quality of farmed products. The final part discusses ways of managing of product quality, with chapters on HACCP, monitoring and surveillance, authenticity and product labeling. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Improving farmed fish quality and safety is a standard reference for aquaculture industry professionals and academics in the field.

Table of Contents:
PART 1 CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS, CHEMICAL USE IN AQUACULTURE AND FARMED FISH SAFETY The Risks and Benefits of Consumption of Farmed Fish J Tuomisto and L Frøyland, KTL National Public Health Institute, Finland - Introduction: the human health implications of consumption of farmed fish - Nutrients in fish and other seafood - Methods to assess the human health implications of fish consumption - Fish consumption, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity - Fish consumption, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease - Omega-3 fatty acids, psychiatric disorders and the nervous system - Cancer - Health risks from methyl mercury intake through fish consumption - Risks of persistent organic pollutants - Risks and benefits of fish consumption - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Environmental Contaminants In Farmed Fish and Potential Consequences For Seafood Safety M H G Berntssen and A-K Lundebye Haldorsen, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Norway - Introduction - Environmental contaminants and marine feed ingredients - Organic contaminants - Metals - Carry-over of environmental contaminants in fish feed to farmed fish fillets - Reducing the level of environmental contaminants to farmed fish - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Pesticide Contamination In Farmed Fish: Assessing Risks And Reducing Contamination D C Little, G K Milwain and C Price, University of Stirling, Scotland - Introduction - Trends in pesticide use in fish farming and in the vicinity of fish farms - Risks to human health of pesticides in aquaculture products - Detecting pesticide residues in farmed fish - Controlling pesticide use in aquaculture - Pesticides in fish feeds - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Veterinary Drug Use In Aquaculture B T Lunestad, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) and O Samuelsen, Institute of Marine Research, Norway - Introduction - Commonly-used veterinary drugs and routes of administration - Drugs used in aquaculture: Antibacterial agents - Antiparasitic agents - Anaesthetic agents - Antifungal agents - Trends in drug use in aquaculture - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Assessing The Human Health Implications Of New Veterinary Drugs Used In Fish Farming R Reimschuessel, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), USA - Introduction - The regulation of veterinary drug use - Measuring drug residues in foods - Withdrawal times versus drug half-lives - What is unique about using veterinary drugs in fish? - Pharmacokinetics data and fish drug withdrawal times - Regulations and exemptions - Human health concerns - References Antibiotic Resistance Associated With Veterinary Drug Use In Fish Farms H Sørum, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Norway - Introduction: Veterinary drug use in aquaculture - Current use of antibiotics in fish farming and the extent of antimicrobial resistance - Antimicrobial resistance in fish pathogens within the aquaculture industry - Antibiotic resistance in vibrio bacteria - Antibiotic resistance in aeromonads - Antibiotic resistance in Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscicida - Antibiotic resistance in enterobacteria - Transfer of antibiotic resistance between bacteria in fish farms - Risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance from fish farm bacteria to human pathogens - Improving management and monitoring of antibiotic use in fish farms - Future trends - References Improving Disease Immunity To Reduce Antibiotic Use In Farmed Fish Ø Bergh and A H Nerland, Institute of Marine Research, Norway - Introduction - Immunity in fish - Developing vaccines - Developing feed-based immunostimulants - Impact of prophylaxis on the reduction of antibiotic use in fish - Implications for farmed fish welfare, safety and quality - The current situation and future trends - References and further reading Different Methods to Reduce Antibiotic Use In Farmed Fish F J Gatesoupe, INRA- Ifremer, France - Introduction - The prophylactic approach: hygiene, welfare and feeding - Microbial management - The therapeutic approach: antimicrobial compounds - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References PART 2 IMPROVING FARMED FISH QUALITY Understanding Dietary Factors Affecting Flesh Quality In Farmed Fish M Espe, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Norway - Introduction - The structure and nutritional composition of fish muscle - The biological basis of growth and development in fish - Understanding the effects of environmental parameters on flesh quality - Understanding the effects of genetics on flesh quality - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Improving Farmed Fish Quality By Selective Breeding T Gjedrem, Institute of Aquaculture Research, Norway - Introduction - Quality traits to be improved - Genetic parameters - Possibilities for genetic improvement in quality traits - Conclusions - References Alternative Lipid Sources For Fish Feed And Farmed Fish Quality G J Bell, University of Stirling, Scotland - Introduction: why do we require alternative lipid sources for fish feeds? - Role of dietary lipids in fish growth performance - Role of dietary lipids in fish health and welfare - Role of dietary lipids in eating quality - What are the benefits and risks of using different lipid sources? - Future trends - References Plant Proteins As Alternative Sources For Fish Feed And Farmed Fish Quality S J Kaushik, INRA, France and G I Hemre, NIFES, Norway - Introduction - Global fish meal resources and availability - Meeting protein and amino-acid requirements in fish - Oilseed meals - Reducing anti-nutrients and other undesirable compounds in alternative protein ingredients - Development of non-fish meal or low-fish meal diets - Supplementation of fish meal with limiting amino acids - Future trends - References Alternative Marine Sources Of Fish Feed And Farmed Fish Quality R W Hardy, University of Idaho, University of Idaho, USA - Introduction - Fisheries by-catch and seafood processing by-products - Crustacean and shellfish by-products - Krill - Other alternative marine sources of fish feed - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Tailor-Made Functional Seafood For Consumers: Dietary Modulation Of Selenium And Taurine In Farmed Fish J Luten, Fiskeriforskning, Norway, E Schram, IMARES, The Netherlands and E Elvevoll, University of Tromsø, Norway - Introduction - Nutritional and health-promoting properties of selenium - Nutritional and health-promoting properties of taurine - Dietary modulation of selenium and taurine in farmed fish - Future trends of dietary modulation of farmed fish - References Reducing Production-Related Diseases In Farmed Fish R Waagbø, NIFES, Norway - Introduction - Fish nutrition as a major determinant for fish health - Nutritional and environment-related bone disorders in farmed fish - Nutritional and environmental conditions related to cataract development in fish - Other production-related diseases - Conclusions - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - Acknowledgements - References Microbiological Quality And Safety Of Farmed Fish B T Lunestad, NIFES and J T Rosnes, Norconserv AS, Norway - Introduction: micro-organisms, quality and safety - Microorganisms affecting fish spoilage - Specific spoilage organisms - Microbiological safety issues related to farmed fish - Prions and viruses - Bacteria, fungi and mycotoxins - Predictive models for seafood safety and shelf-life - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Parasites In Farmed Fish And Fishery Products A Levsen and B T Lunestad, NIFES and B Berland, University of Bergen, Norway - Introduction - Types of parasite - Reducing fish quality - Fish parasites and consumer health considerations - Legislation and control - Future trends - References Colouration And Flesh Quality In Farmed Salmon And Trout S J Davies, University of Plymouth, UK - Introduction - Sources of pigmenting carotenoids for aquafeeds - Metabolism of carotenoids in fish and flesh deposition characteristics - Pigmentation and fish husbandry - Pigmentation and diet - Comparing commercial pigment sources - Genetics and pigmentation - Legislation governing pigmentation of salmonid fish - Fish colouration, market and consumer acceptance - Acknowledgment - References Off-Flavour Problems In Farmed Fish Z G Papp, Research Institute for Fisheries Aquaculture and Irrigation, Hungary - Introduction: off-flavour problems in farmed fish - Sources and characterisation of off-flavours in farmed fish - Detecting off-flavours in farmed fish - Avoiding the formation of off-flavours in farmed fish - Off-flavour problems in particular fish species - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Husbandry Techniques And Fish Quality B Damsgård, Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Norway - Introduction - Terms and definitions - Fish farmers and consumers seeking a common destiny - Welfare during the production cycle - Welfare during slaughter of farmed fish - Monitoring ethical qualities in farmed fish - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References PART 3 MANAGING FARMED FISH QUALITY AND SAFETY HACCP And Other Programs To Ensure Safe Products And For Sustainable Fish Farming M Jahncke, Virginia Seafood AREC, USA - Introduction - Aquaculture, food safety and HACCP systems - Implementing a HACCP system in aquaculture: a case study - Information needed to support a HACCP program - General biosecurity guidelines: an example - Standard operating procedures: an example - Disaster planning: the example of standard operating procedures for hurricanes - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Monitoring And Surveillance To Improve Farmed Fish Safety A Maage, H Hove and K Julshamn, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Norway - Introduction: importance of monitoring to improve and document farmed fish safety - Production of fish feed - Monitoring fish feed components and fish feed - Monitoring of water quality and its relevance for food quality - Monitoring of food quality of aquaculture fish - Knowledge dissemination - Future trends - Sources of further information and advice - References Confirming The Origin Of Wild And Farmed Fish M Lees and F Thomas, Eurofins Scientific Analytics, France - Introduction: the importance of confirming the origin of wild and farmed fish - Methods to confirm the origin of wild and farmed fish - Application of combined compositional and isotopic methodology to different fish species - Future trends - References Farmed Fish Labelling P Najran, Food Standards Agency, UK - Introduction: the importance of aquaculture and correct labelling - General food labelling legislation - Fish labelling legislation - Scottish farmed salmon: a special case - Eco-labelling - Future trends - Acknowledgements - Sources of further information and advice - References

About the Author :
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Norway