About the Book
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 155. Chapters: T-V distinction, Ethiopia, Ethiopian Airlines, Horn of Africa, Nile, List of African Union member states by political system, Amharic language, Haile Gebrselassie, Habesha people, Binyam Mohamed, Mengistu Haile Mariam, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ogaden National Liberation Front, P'ent'ay, Amhara people, Voiceless alveolar sibilant, Voiced velar stop, Voiced alveolar fricative, Mek'ele, Mr., Coalition for Unity and Democracy, Afar Region, Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant, Bilabial nasal, Amhara Region, Ethiopian birr, Blue Nile, Gambela Region, Voiceless bilabial stop, Alveolar lateral approximant, Voiceless labiodental fricative, Voiced bilabial stop, Voiceless dental stop, Maryam Yusuf Jamal, Voiceless alveolar affricate, Liya Kebede, Obelisk of Axum, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Jimma, Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs, Voiced uvular fricative, Voiceless uvular fricative, Voiced dental stop, Afevork Ghevre Jesus, Afar people, Hailemariam Desalegn, Gode, Gambela, Ethiopia. Excerpt: In sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction is a contrast, within one language, between second-person pronouns that are specialized for varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, or insult toward the addressee. Languages (such as English) having no syntactic T-V distinction may have semantic analogues to convey the mentioned attitudes towards the addressee, such as whether to address someone by first or last name, or whether to use "sir"/"ma'am" in US English. The expressions T-form (informal) and V-form (formal) were introduced by Brown and Gilman (1960), with reference to the initial letters of these pronouns in Latin, tu and vos. In Latin, tu was originally the singular, and vos the plural, with no distinction for honorific or familiar. According to Brown and Gilman, usage of the plural to the Roman emperor began in the fourth century AD. They mention that a possible reason was that there were often two or more emperors at that time as augusti, caesares and other titles, and later separate rulers in Constantinople and Rome, but also that "plurality is a very old and ubiquitous metaphor for power." This usage was extended to other powerful figures, such as Pope Gregory I (590-604). However, Brown and Gilman note that it was only between the 12th and 14th centuries that the norms for the use of T- and V-forms crystallized. Less commonly, the use of the plural may be extended to other grammatical person, such as the "royal we" (majestic plural). Brown and Gilman argued that the choice of form is governed by either relationships of 'power' and/or 'solidarity', depending on the culture of the speakers, showing that 'power' had been the dominant predictor of form in Europe until the 20th century, so it was normal for a powerful person to use a T-form but expect a V-form in return. However in the 20th century the dynamic shifted in favour of solidarity, so that people would use T-forms with those they knew, and V-forms in service encounters, with r
