Theory and Practice of Aircraft Performance: (Aerospace Series)

Textbook introducing the fundamentals of aircraft performance using industry standards and examples: bridging the gap between academia and industry Provides an extensive and detailed treatment of all segments of mission profile and overall aircraft performance Considers operating costs, safety, environmental and related systems issues Includes worked examples relating to current aircraft (Learjet 45, Tucano Turboprop Trainer, Advanced Jet Trainer and Airbus A320 types of aircraft) Suitable as a textbook for aircraft performance courses

Table of Contents:
Preface xix Series Preface xxi Road Map of the Book xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Nomenclature xxxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Brief Historical Background 1 1.3 Current Aircraft Design Status 8 1.4 Future Trends 11 1.5 Airworthiness Requirements 14 1.6 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels 16 1.7 Market Survey 17 1.8 Typical Design Process 19 1.9 Classroom Learning Process 23 1.10 Cost Implications 25 1.11 Units and Dimensions 26 1.12 Use of Semi‐empirical Relations and Graphs 26 1.13 How Do Aircraft Fly? 26 1.14 Anatomy of Aircraft 27 1.15 Aircraft Motion and Forces 30 References 36 2 Aerodynamic and Aircraft Design Considerations 37 2.1 Overview 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Atmosphere 39 2.4 Airflow Behaviour: Laminar and Turbulent 51 2.5 Aerofoil 56 2.6 Generation of Lift 64 2.7 Types of Stall 71 2.8 Comparison of Three NACA Aerofoils 72 2.9 High‐Lift Devices 73 2.10 Transonic Effects – Area Rule 74 2.11 Wing Aerodynamics 76 2.12 Aspect Ratio Correction of 2D‐Aerofoil Characteristics for 3D‐Finite Wing 79 2.13 Wing Definitions 81 2.14 Mean Aerodynamic Chord 84 2.15 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep 86 2.16 Wing‐Stall Pattern and Wing Twist 87 2.17 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics 88 2.18 Empennage 92 2.19 Fuselage 98 2.20 Nacelle and Intake 100 2.21 Speed Brakes and Dive Brakes 106 References 106 3 Air Data Measuring Instruments, Systems and Parameters 109 3.1 Overview 109 3.2 Introduction 109 3.3 Aircraft Speed 110 3.4 Air Data Instruments 122 3.5 Aircraft Flight‐Deck (Cockpit) Layout 128 3.6 Aircraft Mass (Weights) and Centre of Gravity 133 3.7 Noise Emissions 141 3.8 Engine‐Exhaust Emissions 145 3.9 Aircraft Systems 146 3.10 Low Observable (LO) Aircraft Configuration 150 References 152 4 Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 153 4.1 Overview 153 4.2 Introduction 154 4.3 Definitions of Frames of Reference (Flat Stationary E arth) and Nomenclature Used 154 4.4 Eulerian Angles 158 4.5 Simplified Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 161 Reference 167 5 Aircraft Load 169 5.1 Overview 169 5.2 Introduction 169 5.3 Flight Manoeuvres 171 5.4 Aircraft Loads 171 5.5 Theory and Definitions 172 5.6 Limits – Loads and Speeds 173 5.7 V‐n Diagram 174 5.8 Gust Envelope 179 Reference 183 6 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Performance 185 6.1 Overview 185 6.2 Introduction 185 6.3 Static and Dynamic Stability 186 6.4 Theory 192 6.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients 197 6.6 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design 198 6.7 Spinning 202 6.8 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability 203 References 207 7 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration 209 7.1 Overview 209 7.2 Background 209 7.3 Definitions 214 7.4 Air‐Breathing Aircraft Engine Types 215 7.5 Simplified Representation of Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle 219 7.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case 221 7.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects 226 7.8 Intake/Nozzle Design 231 7.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser 233 7.10 Propeller 234 References 246 8 Aircraft Power Plant Performance 247 8.1 Overview 247 8.2 Introduction 248 8.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft 250 8.4 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Military Aircraft 254 8.5 Uninstalled Turboprop Engine Performance Data 255 8.6 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft 257 8.7 Installed Turboprop Performance Data 261 8.8 Piston Engine 264 8.9 Engine Performance Grid 267 8.10 Some Turbofan Data 272 Reference 273 9 Aircraft Drag 275 9.1 Overview 275 9.2 Introduction 275 9.3 Parasite Drag Definition 277 9.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic) 278 9.5 Aircraft Drag Formulation 279 9.6 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.7 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.8 Semi‐Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft Component Parasite Drag 284 9.9 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections 295 9.10 Minimum Parasite Drag 296 9.11 ΔCDp Estimation 296 9.12 Subsonic Wave Drag 296 9.13 Total Aircraft Drag 298 9.14 Low‐Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing 298 9.15 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Drag 304 9.16 Military Aircraft Drag 304 9.17 Supersonic Drag 305 9.18 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft 306 9.19 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer) 315 9.20 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer 319 9.21 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft 325 9.22 Drag Comparison 332 9.23 Some Concluding Remarks and Reference Figures 334 References 338 10 Fundamentals of Mission Profile, Drag Polar and Aeroplane Grid 339 10.1 Overview 339 10.2 Introduction 340 10.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload–Range) 342 10.4 Military Aircraft Mission 345 10.5 Aircraft Flight Envelope 349 10.6 Understanding Drag Polar 351 10.7 Properties of Parabolic Drag Polar 354 10.8 Classwork Examples of Parabolic Drag Polar 363 10.9 Bizjet Actual Drag Polar 366 10.10 Aircraft and Engine Grid 372 References 378 11 Takeoff and Landing 379 11.1 Overview 379 11.2 Introduction 380 11.3 Airfield Definitions 380 11.4 Generalized Takeoff Equations of Motion 384 11.5 Friction – Wheel Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficients 389 11.6 Civil Transport Aircraft Takeoff 391 11.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 396 11.8 Takeoff Presentation 404 11.9 Military Aircraft Takeoff 405 11.10 Checking Takeoff Field Length (AJT) 406 11.11 Civil Transport Aircraft Landing 409 11.12 Landing Presentation 417 11.13 Approach Climb and Landing Climb 418 11.14 Fuel Jettisoning 418 References 418 12 Climb and Descent Performance 419 12.1 Overview 419 12.2 Introduction 420 12.3 Climb Performance 422 12.4 Other Ways to Climb (Point Performance) – Civil Aircraft 428 12.5 Classwork Example – Climb Performance (Bizjet) 435 12.6 Hodograph Plot 440 12.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 443 12.8 Integrated Climb Performance – Computational Methodology 444 12.9 Specific Excess Power (SEP) – High‐Energy Climb 447 12.10 Descent Performance 454 12.11 Worked Example – Descent Performance (Bizjet) 459 References 462 13 Cruise Performance and Endurance 463 13.1 Overview 463 13.2 Introduction 464 13.3 Equations of Motion for the Cruise Segment 466 13.4 Cruise Equations 466 13.5 Specific Range 470 13.6 Worked Example (Bizjet) 471 13.7 Endurance Equations 478 13.8 Options for Cruise Segment (Turbofan Only) 481 13.9 Initial Maximum Cruise Speed (Bizjet) 487 13.10 Worked Example of AJT – Military Aircraft 488 References 489 14 Aircraft Mission Profile 491 14.1 Overview 491 14.2 Introduction 492 14.3 Payload‐Range Capability 493 14.4 The Bizjet Payload‐Range Capability 495 14.5 Endurance (Bizjet) 502 14.6 Effect of Wind on Aircraft Mission Performance 502 14.7 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb and Cruise – Drift‐Down Procedure 503 14.8 Military Missions 506 14.9 Flight Planning by the Operators 507 References 508 15 Manoeuvre Performance 509 15.1 Overview 509 15.2 Introduction 509 15.3 Aircraft Turn 510 15.4 Classwork Example – AJT 520 15.5 Aerobatics Manoeuvre 522 15.6 Combat Manoeuvre 528 15.7 Discussion on Turn 530 References 531 16 Aircraft Sizing and Engine Matching 533 16.1 Overview 533 16.2 Introduction 534 16.3 Theory 535 16.4 Coursework Exercises: Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet) 541 16.5 Sizing Analysis: Civil Aircraft (Bizjet) 543 16.6 Classroom Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT) 546 16.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft 551 16.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses 553 16.9 Discussion 554 References 558 17 Operating Costs 559 17.1 Overview 559 17.2 Introduction 560 17.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost 561 17.4 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC) 567 17.5 Aircraft Performance Management (APM) 574 References 577 18 Miscellaneous Considerations 579 18.1 Overview 579 18.2 Introduction 579 18.3 History of the FAA 580 18.4 Flight Test 583 18.5 Contribution of the Ground Effect on Takeoff 585 18.6 Flying in Adverse Environments 586 18.7 Bird Strikes 590 18.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards and Survivability 591 18.9 Relevant Civil Aircraft Statistics 591 18.10 Extended Twin‐Engine Operation (ETOP) 597 18.11 Flight and Human Physiology 598 References 599 Appendices Appendix A Conversions 601 Appendix B International Standard Atmosphere Table 605 Appendix C Fundamental Equations 609 Appendix D Airbus 320 Class Case Study 615 Appendix E Problem Sets 627 Appendix F Aerofoil Data 647 Index 655

About the Author :
Ajoy Kumar Kundu graduated with Mechanical Engineering degree from Jadavpur University, India, followed by studying in the United Kingdom (Cranfield University and Queen's University Belfast) and in the United States of America (University of Michigan and Stanford University). His professional experience spans more than thirty years in the aircraft industries and nearly 20 years in academia. In India, he was Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; and the Chief Designer at the Hindustan Aeronautics, Bangalore. In North America, he served as Research Engineer for the Boeing Aircraft Company, Renton and as Intermediate Engineer for Canadair Ltd. His aeronautical engineering career began in the United Kingdom with Short Brothers and Harland Ltd., retiring from Bombardier Aerospace-Belfast, as Assistant Chief Aerodynamicist. He is currently associated with Queen's University Belfast. He has authored the book title Aircraft Design published by Cambridge University Press. He held British, Canadian and Indian Private Pilot's License. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, UK. Professor Mark Price is the Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at Queen’s University Belfast. Formerly he was the Head of School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering having progressed through his academic career as a Professor of Aeronautics teaching aircraft structures and design, and leading a research team in design and manufacturing. He graduated in 1987 with a 1st Class Honours degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Queen's University Belfast before taking up a post as a stress engineer in Bombardier Aerospace. He returned later to QUB to undertake a PhD in Mechanical Engineering after which he joined TranscenData Europe as a software engineer and project manager to implement his research in their product CADFix. In 1998 he returned to QUB lecturing in aircraft structures and design. With a strong focus on design applications and integrated performance and cost models, including manufacturing processing effects in design simulations, he received the 2006 Thomas Hawksley medal from the IMechE. He has published over 200 articles and supervised 20 PhDs to completion.   Mark is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, UK. David Riordan commenced employment with Short Brothers PLC in 1978 as an Undergraduate Apprentice. He then graduated in 1982 from Queen's University Belfast, with a 1st Class Honours degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 1986 he attained an MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology from the Cranfield Institute of Technology, England. David was appointed Chief Technical Engineer during 2002; in which position provides leadership at the Bombardier Belfast site for all activities associated with the technical engineering fields of aerodynamics, thermodynamics, fire safety and noise; mechanical systems, electrical systems, reliability & safety. David is also functionally responsible for the department of Airworthiness and Engineering Quality. Responsibilities cover all products associated with Bombardier at Belfast, including metallic fuselage barrels (business jet and regional aircraft applications); composite aerostructures (including the composite wing for the Bombardier CSeries aircraft) and engine nacelles (including the complete nacelle system for the PW1400G-JM propulsion system powering the IRKUT MC-21 aircraft).