Elgar Encyclopedia of Retailing: (Elgar Encyclopedias in Business and Management series)

The Elgar Encyclopedia of Retailing is a groundbreaking resource that presents a comprehensive overview of the retail sector. It covers the forms and history of the industry as well as topics such as employment, supply chain logistics, sustainability and other contemporary challenges. Interdisciplinary in scope, entries provide readers with a far-reaching analysis, encompassing economics, management, geography, regional and urban planning, history and political science. Split into nine thematic sections, contributors explore topics relating to retail forms and formats, retail management and marketing, supply chain management, institutional change and retail innovation. They examine the position of the consumer and the economics of retailing, as well as retail spaces and common misconceptions surrounding retailing. Key Features: Fills a significant gap in the literature on commerce Comprises 238 entries by 259 authors from 35 countries Includes contributions from internationally renowned experts in retailing and consumption Accessible insights into a wide range of concepts, methods and perspectives that expand the boundaries of the field This Encyclopedia is an essential reference for scholars and students of marketing, strategic management, industrial economics, and business and management. It will also prove invaluable to practitioners in the private and public sector as well as consultants in the field.

Table of Contents:
Contents Preface and acknowledgments xv List of contributors vii PART 1: RETAIL FORMS, FORMATS, ORGANISATION, AND CLASSIFICATION 1.1 Retail definitions, functions and channels, and controversies Classifications, typologies, and ownership in retailing 3 Camal Gallouj From multichannel to omnichannel retailing 12 Huan Liu and Peter C. Verhoef Livestreamers and e-commerce: characteristics and challenges 18 John R. Bryson and Yinghao Zhang Misconceptions and myths about retailing 21 Faiz Gallouj and Camal Gallouj Phygital retail: the convergence between physical and digital 27 Cristina Mele and Tiziana Russo Spena Retailing: definition and functions 31 Camal Gallouj The theories of marketing channels 37 Marc Filser (The) worlds of retailing 41 Camal Gallouj and Souheila Kaabachi 1.2 The diversity of retail institutions Corners, shop-in-shop, and store-within-a-store 46 Alexander Rosado Serrano and Antonio Navarro Garcia Dark stores 50 Aaron Shapiro Drive: between store and warehouse 52 Dany Vyt and Magali Jara E-commerce, digital commerce, and online shopping 56 Fiona Ellis-Chadwick From individual stores to clusters and commercial complexes 61 Camal Gallouj Non-store-based retailing: a synthesis 65 Faridah Djellal, Camal Gallouj, and Faïz Gallouj Pop-up stores, temporaries, and ephemerals 73 Mark S. Rosenbaum Q-commerce: characteristics and challenges 75 John R. Bryson Retail kiosks and automatic vending machines 78 Florence Rodhain and Camal Gallouj Store-based retail institutions: a synthesis 82 Faridah Djellal,Camal Gallouj, and Faïz Gallouj Urban and open-air markets 89 Nathalie Lemarchand 1.3 Retail sub-sectors and specific markets and offers Airport retailing 91 Paul Freathy The automotive after-sales market: parts sales, repair, and servicing 94 Sascha Bopp and Saïda Gallouj Charity retailing 101 Nicholas Catahan, Neil Robinson, and Crispin Dale Farm retailing 104 Paul Freathy Fashion retailing 106 Patsy Perry Retailing in hospitals vs. hospitals in retailing 111 Camal Gallouj, Naïla Gallouj, and Florence Rodhain Luxury retailing: channels and distribution modes 118 Michel Chevalier and Michel Gutsatz Retail gasoline markets 124 Michael D. Noel Tourism shopping and retailing 127 Nathalie Lemarchand The worlds of retail pharmacies and their evolution 129 Walter Bataglia, Camal Gallouj, and Samira Guennif 1.4 Franchise, franchising, and the mall Conflicts and conflicts management in franchising networks 137 Aveed Raha Franchising 141 Rozenn Perrigot Management of franchise chains 145 Rozenn Perrigot Relationship governance in franchising 147 Nabil Ghantous The shopping mall and its customers 150 Camal Gallouj, Pradeep Kautish, and Arpita Khare Theories of franchising: theories for franchising 155 Camal Gallouj, Mourad Chouki, and Celine Viala The ups and downs of shopping mall: A historical evolution 157 Karine Picot-Coupey and Nina Krey PART 2: RETAIL HISTORY, RETAIL ECONOMICS, STRATEGY, AND PERFORMANCES 2.1 Retail history, retail in history Clarence Saunders, the Piggly Wiggly saga, and self-service 164 Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj Daily markets in the Middle Ages 167 Isabelle Theiller The history of cross-border shopping 170 Sarah Elvins The history of department stores 173 Sarah Elvins Ibn Khaldun, retailing, and the retailer 178 Faiz Gallouj and Camal Gallouj The invention of the shopping cart 181 Catherine Grandclément Mail order and distance selling 183 Christine Liefooghe Merchants and the sacred: Jesus’ cleansing of the Temple 188 Florence Rodhain Retailing in France before 1850 191 Luc Marco Retailing in the UK between 1700 and 1850 195 Ian Mitchell Shops, shopkeepers, and shopping streets of ancient Rome 198 Rhodora G. Vennarucci Supermarkets: origin and developmental milestones 201 Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj 2.2 Retail economics and strategy Agent-based modelling in retailing research 207 Benoît Desmarchelier Ansoff’s matrix applied to retailing 209 Camal Gallouj and Mohamed Ali Abdelwahed Concentration and levels of concentration in retailing 213 Michael Waterson Differentiation strategies in retailing 216 Camal Gallouj and Raouf Jaziri Diversification strategies in retailing 219 Enrico Colla Dynamic capabilities and the retail sector 222 Gulsun Altintas Economies of scope in retailing 224 Florin Maican and Matilda Orth Entry barriers in retailing 227 Benoît Desmarchelier Growth strategies in retailing: organic vs. inorganic 229 Boualem Aliouat and Camal Gallouj Imperfect competition in retailing 233 Marie -Laure Allain and Claire Chambolle Mergers and acquisitions in retailing 237 Magali Jara and Dany DanyVyt Strategic alliances and their impact on retailing 239 Carlos Galera-Zarco 2.3 Productivity and performances Accounting and control in retailing 246 Didier Bensadon Beyond productivity: the many worlds of performance in retailing 250 Faiz Gallouj, Camal Gallouj, and Marie-Hélène Vigliano Distributive trade in National Accounts 258 Damien Broussolle Performance criteria of the assortment 262 Dany Vyt and Valerie Renaudin Productivity and performance in retailing 264 Dany Vyt The structure and scope of the trade section with ISIC rev. 5 267 Damien Broussolle PART 3: RETAIL MARKETING AND STORE UNIT MANAGEMENT 3.1 Retail design and store layout Non-store selling environment and web atmosphere 271 Jean-François Lemoine Online and e-merchandising 274 Inmaculada J. Martínez Martínez Physical and social servicescapes in retail stores 278 Chloé �Baillod, Mikèle Landry, and Olivier Furrer Store architecture 281 Jean Soumagne Store atmosphere and multisensory experiences 286 Aicha Kallel, Norchene Ben Dahmane Mouelhi, and Zaineb Rekik Store design: objectives and elements 291 Claus Ebster Virtual stores 296 Cindy Lombart, Olga Untilov, and Philippine Loupiac 3.2 Retail assortment and brand management Assortment variety and retail strategy 302 Roland Herrmann Basic and functional characteristics of the assortment 306 Yolande Piris DNVBs (Digital Native Vertical Brands) 309 Sabrina Hombourger-Barès and Maryline Schultz Models of assortment analysis and choice 311 Roland Herrmann Optimising retail assortments 316 Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad Private labels: objectives and challenges for retail chains 320 Samy Belaid and Jérôme Lacoeuilhe Retail brand and social media 327 Mbaye Fall Diallo Retail brand equity and its dimensions 330 Samy Belaid and Jérôme Lacoeuilhe 3.3 Retail pricing Prices bargaining and haggling in traditional markets 335 Camal Gallouj and Florence Rodhain Buy-now-pay-later (BNPL) 341 Ruffin Relja, Anita Lifen Zhao, and Philippa Ward Competitor price monitoring 345 Aaron Shapiro Consumer’s knowledge of retail prices 348 Marc Vanhuele Price image in retail management 350 Alexander Chernev and Ryan Hamilton Price logics between producer and retailer 353 Erick Leroux 3.4 Retail promotion and communication Celebrity endorsement in retailing 356 Gaëlle Pantin-Sohier, Alice Sohier, and Romainr Sohie In-store communication via digital media 359 Sabina Riboldazzi Mobile coupons 362 Jean Marc Lehu Nostalgia in retailing 364 Süphan Nasir Retail communication: objectives and areas of focus 368 Ghizlane Benjamaa and Camal Gallouj Retail communication: tools and resources 372 Lilia Smaoui and Marie-Hélène Vigliano Sales promotion, promotional technics, and evaluation 379 Didier Louis, Cindy Lombart, and Camal Gallouj Store flyers 386 Aïda Mimouni Chaabane 3.5 Retailing and services The experience economy and retailing 389 Jon Sundbo From retail industrialisation to retail servitisation 392 Jose Albors-Garrigós Quality and service quality in retailing 396 Emel Yarimoglu Retail service failure and recovery 399 Chiara Orsingher and Angelo Manaresi SDL and retailing: SDL in retailing 403 Angeline Nariswari, Stephen L. Vargo, and Matthew O’Brien The service dimensions of retailing 409 Camal Gallouj, Faïz Gallouj, and Gilberto Perez Service logics and trajectories in the retail sector 416 Philippe Moati PART 4: RETAIL EMPLOYMENT AND HRM 4.1 Economic and social dimension of retail employment Employment in retail trade 421 José �A. Camacho and Mercedes Rodríguez From customer experience to sales experience 426 Samira Mahlaoui and Jean-Paul Cadet Human resource management and retail employment 432 John R. Bryson Labour conflicts in retail 437 Mathieu Hocquelet Sunday shopping, the lost of the day to synchronise society 443 Jean-Yves Boulin and Laurent Lesnard Trade unions and technological developments in retailing 447 Arianna Marcolin and Stefano Gasparri Work-life balance in the retail sector 452 Yvan Barel Working in the retail sector 456 Ulrik Brandi 4.2 HRM and employee categorisation and behaviour Care management strategies in retailing 461 Francesca Serravalle Digitalisation and the mutation of sales adviser’s profession 464 Régine Vanheems Disabled employees in retailing 468 Corentin Le Bot Emotional work and emotional competencies in retailing 470 Brian N. Rutherford and Leann G. Rutherford Employee theft in retailing 474 Camal Gallouj Retail employees commitment in the workplace 479 Mathieu Hocquelet Senior employment in retailing 482 Philippe Fache Women in retailing 485 Sophia Belghiti-Mahut and Ziad Malas PART 5: RETAILING AND THE CONSUMER 5.1 Consumer characteristics Ageing consumers and e-commerce 491 Maria Rybaczewska and Leigh Spark Consumer culture theory (CCT): contributions to retailing research 494 Simo P. E. Lehtovirta and Eric J. Arnould Consumer poverty and retail 499 Eva Delacroix Elderly consumers and large-scale retailing 502 Abdelmajid Amine The luxury consumer 507 Camal Gallouj Maghrebi ethnic shoppers in the French context 513 Fatima Regany and Luca M. Visconti Responsible consumers? 517 Amélie Clauzel and Nathalie Guichard Retail domination and consumer acculturation 520 Ahmad Jamal Retailing and Muslim consumer 524 Ahmad Jamal Retail interactions of low-literate, low-income consumers 528 Madhu Viswanathan and Ashley Goreczny Vulnerable consumer inclusion and retailer’s benefits 531 Abdelmajid Amine Women in the souks and the souks for women 535 Camal Gallouj and Abdessamad Rhalimi 5.2 Consumer behaviour Consumer decision-making and the purchasing process 538 Maria Rybaczewska The consumer empowerment paradox in emerging countries 544 Camal Gallouj and Amira El Naggare CRM process and paradox in CRM programmes in retailing 549 Pierre Volle Customer and consumer mobile journey 552 Martine Deparis Customer-to-customer interactions in retailing 555 Mikèle Landry, Chloé �Baillod, and Olivier Furrer Grocery shopping list and the consumer 558 Oden H. Groth and Lauren Block Impulse buying: online vs. offline 560 El Hassan Laachach Loyalty programmes in retailing 567 Aïda Mimouni Chaabane Luxury brand stores and customers’ search for delight 573 Hannele Kauppinen-Räisänen, Marika Taishoff,and Hans Mühlbacher Retail crowding 576 Karen Machleit and Sevgin Eroglu Retail therapy 578 Nicolas Da Silva and Camal Gallouj Rethinking consumer production in large-scale retailing 582 Bernard Cova and Maud Herbert Shopping motives and behaviour 587 Amelie Clauzel and Nathalie Guichard The showrooming phenomenon 592 Sandrine Heitz-Spahn and Lydie Belaud Social factors influencing the buying process 595 Amelie Clauzel and Nathalie Guichard Store choice behaviour: from store image and positioning to store selection 599 Abdelmajid Amine Time in retailing 605 Souad Djelassi Anti-consumerist movement and retailing 608 Ahmed Benmecheddal and Nil Özçaglar-Toulouse 5.3 Alternative consumption and consumer misbehaviour Consumer alternative consumption 612 Aya Aboelenien, Chau Minh Nguyen, Marcelo Vinhal Nepomuceno, and Yany Grégoire Consumer brand sabotage in retailing 615 Bettina Nyffenegger and Andrea Giuffredi-Kähr Consumer deviance and misbehaviour 618 Markus Fellesson Consumer resistance and revenge in the marketplace 622 Chau Minh Nguyen, Marcelo Vinhal Nepomuceno, Aya Aboelenien, and Yany Grégoire Retailing and boycotts 625 Karine Cissé Shoplifting and customer theft in retailing 628 Fella Dada Store switching 635 Sebastiano Grandi PART 6: BUYING, SOURCING, SUPPLY CHAIN, AND LOGISTICS 6.1 Buying and buying matters Brand referencing and delisting in retailing 640 Léopold Lessassy E-marketplaces: reflecting on evolution over two decades 642 Teck-Yong Eng E-procurement in retailing 645 Farooq Habib and Michael Bourlakis International retail buying groups 648 Enrico Colla Organisation of the purchasing and supply function 651 Micheline J. Naude Purchasing and supply management: challenges posed to retailers 655 Micheline J. Naude Sourcing strategies and practices in retailing 658 Remko van Hoek 6.2 Supply chain and logistics Blockchain in retailing 662 Gilles Paché City logistics and last-mile delivery management 667 Gilles Paché Collaborative dimensions of ECR (Efficient Consumer Response) 673 Gilles Paché Consumer-to-consumer supply chains: consumption without retailers? 678 Valentina Carbone and Aurélien Rouquet Digital twin-driven smart retail logistics 682 Daniel Thiel Green supply chain management 686 Emel Aktas Information, information systems, and supply chain management 689 Karine Samuel Logistic models for distribution 695 Dorsaf Zouari and Blandine Ageron Logistics outsourcing in the distribution sector 701 Emel Aktas Product returns in omnichannel retail 704 Regina Frei, Danni Zhang, and Felipe Merlano The retail supply chain 709 Leigh Sparks Retailer supplier relationships 712 George Maglaras PART 7: RETAIL SPACES AND TERRITORIES, INTERNATIONALISATION OF RETAILING 7.1 Retail location–retail spaces Geomarketing and retail location 719 Jerome Baray Location decision of a retailer and influencing factors 724 Jerome Baray Management of retail networks 730 Magali Chaudey Railway station retailing, retailing around railway stations 735 Arnaud Gasnier Retail and the high street 738 Leigh Sparks Retail geography 740 Bernadette Mérenne-Schoumaker Retail in rural areas 746 Jean Soumagne Retail location theories and models 751 Gérard Cliquet Retailing and urban regeneration 756 Timothy J. Dixon Smart cities and retailing 760 Arnaud Gasnier 7.2 International of retailing Entry modes and strategies in retail international markets 763 Camal Gallouj Franchising and internationalisation of retailing 769 Odile J. Streed International retail divestment 773 Steve Burt Motivations for and obstacles to the internationalisation of retail firms 776 Camal Gallouj and Khalissa Semaoune The process of retail internationalisation 783 Daniele Pederzoli and Lanlan Cao Selecting and evaluating international retail markets 786 Camal Gallouj and Varaporn Saninmool Standardisation vs. adaptation dilemma in international retailing 792 Susana C. Silva Success factors in retail internationalisation 795 Steve Burt Theories of retail internationalisation 799 Anne Marie Doherty and Nicholas Alexander 7.3 Emerging and developing countries: the main challenges Global franchising in emerging markets around 805 Cintya Lanchimba and Muriel Fadairo Malls in emerging countries 809 Tarik Harroud The modernisation of the food retail sector in emerging countries 813 Abdelmajid Amine Moul’hanout or the mom-and-pop store in MENA: the case of Morocco 818 Camal Gallouj and Moulaye Abd el Kader Moulaye Ismail Retailing’s evolution in emerging and developing regions 824 Rachel Bahn , Florent Saucede , Fatiha Fort, and Foued Cheriet Souks, souikat, and the bazaar: the other faces of traditional retailing 829 Camal Gallouj, Ouahraoui Fatima, and Ouhna Laila Transnational retailing and host economic impacts 835 Elmar Kulke and Lech Suwala PART 8: INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN RETAILING 8.1 Innovation: theories, forms, and dynamics Alertness, innovation, and digital commerce 844 Henrique Schneider Barriers to innovation in retailing 848 Jonathan Reynolds Co-innovation in retailing 851 Jose Albors-Garrigós. Innovation drivers in retailing 856 Batul Abu Qdairi, Eleonora Pantano, and Ana Javornik The “innovative” retail entrepreneur 861 Camal Gallouj and Celine Viala RD and patents in retailing 865 Eleonora Pantano Retail employee’s role in innovation 868 Esa Hiltunen Theories and models of innovation and institutional change in retailing: a synthesis 871 Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj Time constraints and innovation logics in retailing 880 Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj Toward a South-generated logic in retail innovation 885 Camal Gallouj and Faïz Gallouj Typologies of innovation in retailing 891 Camal Gallouj and Faiz Gallouj 8.2 Technology and retailing – technologies in retailing Augmented and virtual realities in online retailing 900 Francesca Serravalle and Milena Viassone Grab Go: the emergence of automatic and autonomous shops 902 Florence Rodhain and Camal Gallouj In-store technologies and their impact 905 Taeshik Gong IT and innovation in retailing 909 Richard Cuthbertson and Wojciech Piotrowicz Smart retailing and smart store 912 Eleonora Pantano and Charles Dennis Transformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) in retailing 916 Patricia Chew PART 9: SUSTAINABILITY AND OTHER SOCIETAL CHALLENGES 9.1 CSR and sustainability in retailing The booming of second-hand retailing 924 Dominique Roux Corporate digital responsibility (CDR) in retailing 928 James Tarbit , Nicole Hartley, and Werner Kunz The emergence of social supermarkets 934 Lopamudra Patnaik Saxena Food waste and retailing 937 Sarra Azib, Morgane Innocent, Bertrand Urien, and Patrick Gabriel Local food distribution systems 940 Yuna Chiffoleau Retailing and the circular economy 943 Peter Jones Retailing organic produce 947 Peter Jones Sustainability and greening of retailing 950 Delphine Godefroit-Winkel Sustainable marketing and the distribution sector 956 Sihem Dekhili 9.2 Retailing and society Art and retailing, art in retailing 959 Nathalie Lemarchand Ethnic retailing in North America 961 Zhixi Cecilia Zhuang Health, obesity, and modern retailing 965 Karen Glanz and Allison Karpyn Kids and retailing: children and the world of retailing 967 Joël Brée Kosher retailing and kosher certification 972 Joe M. Regenstein and Carrie E. Regenstein Resilience in the retail sector 974 George Maglaras The retail dimension in movies 977 Camal Gallouj and Amal Gallouj Retailing and third places 984 Bethan Alexander and Anthony Kent Retailing in conflict areas – a case study of Palestine 987 Rabeh Morrar The retailing of religious products 992 Marie-Catherine Paquier and Sophie Morin-Delerm Retailtainment and fun shopping: shopping as leisure 994 Camal Gallouj and Noureddine Selmi Shopping and the store in children’s books 997 Amal Gallouj and Camal Gallouj Store closures: the impact on consumers and retailers 1003 Hans Haans

About the Author :
Edited by Camal Gallouj, Professor of Management Science, Director of the CEPN Laboratory, University Sorbonne Paris Nord and Faïz Gallouj, Professor of Economics and member of CLERSE-CNRS, University of Lille, France, and founder of the European Review of Service Economics and Management