The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy

About the Book

Politically active individuals and organizations make huge investments of time, energy, and money to influence everything from election outcomes to congressional subcommittee hearings to local school politics, while other groups and individual citizens seem woefully underrepresented in our political system. The Unheavenly Chorus is the most comprehensive and systematic examination of political voice in America ever undertaken--and its findings are sobering. The Unheavenly Chorus is the first book to look at the political participation of individual citizens alongside the political advocacy of thousands of organized interests--membership associations such as unions, professional associations, trade associations, and citizens groups, as well as organizations like corporations, hospitals, and universities. Drawing on numerous in-depth surveys of members of the public as well as the largest database of interest organizations ever created--representing more than thirty-five thousand organizations over a twenty-five-year period--this book conclusively demonstrates that American democracy is marred by deeply ingrained and persistent class-based political inequality. The well educated and affluent are active in many ways to make their voices heard, while the less advantaged are not. This book reveals how the political voices of organized interests are even less representative than those of individuals, how political advantage is handed down across generations, how recruitment to political activity perpetuates and exaggerates existing biases, how political voice on the Internet replicates these inequalities--and more. In a true democracy, the preferences and needs of all citizens deserve equal consideration. Yet equal consideration is only possible with equal citizen voice. The Unheavenly Chorus reveals how far we really are from the democratic ideal and how hard it would be to attain it.

Table of Contents:
List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1. Introduction: Democracy and Political Voice 1 PART I: Thinking about Inequality and Political Voice Chapter 2. The (Ambivalent) Tradition of Equality in America 31 Chapter 3. The Context: Growing Economic Inequality and Weakening Unions 69 Chapter 4. Equal Voice and the Dilemmas of Democracy 96 PART II: Inequality of Political Voice and Individual Participation Chapter 5. Does Unequal Voice Matter? 117 Chapter 6. The Persistence of Unequal Voice 147 Chapter 7. Unequal at the Starting Line: The Intergenerational Persistence of Political Inequality with Nancy Burns 177 Chapter 8. Political Participation over the Life Cycle with Jennifer Erkulwater 199 Chapter 9. Political Activism and Electoral Democracy: Perspectives on Economic Inequality and Political Polarization 232 PART III: Inequality of Political Voice and Organized Interest Activity Chapter 10. Political Voice through Organized Interests: Introductory Matters 265 Chapter 11. Who Sings in the Heavenly Chorus? Th e Shape of the Organized Interest System with Traci Burch and Philip Edward Jones 312 Chapter 12. The Changing Pressure Community 347 Chapter 13. Beyond Organizational Categories 370 Chapter 14. Political Voice through Organized Interest Activity with Philip Edward Jones and Traci Burch 393 PART IV: Can We Change the Accent of the Unheavenly Chorus? Chapter 15. Breaking the Pattern through Political Recruitment 447 Chapter 16. Weapon of the Strong? Participatory Inequality and the Internet 483 Chapter 17. What, if Anything, Is to Be Done? with Shauna Shames 534 Chapter 18. Conclusion: Equal Voice and the Promise of American Democracy 574 Appendixes Appendix A: Equality and the State and U.S. Constitutions 605 Appendix B: The Persistence of Political and Nonpolitical Activity 608 Appendix C: The Intergenerational Transmission of Political Participation 616 Appendix D: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects 619 Appendix E: The Washington Representatives Database 621 Appendix F: Additional Tables 645 Appendix G: Do Online and Offline Political Activists Differ from One Another? 649 Index 655

About the Author :

Kay Lehman Schlozman is the J. Joseph Moakley Endowed Professor of Political Science at Boston College. Sidney Verba is the Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor Emeritus and Research Professor of Government at Harvard University. Henry E. Brady is Dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy and Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley.

Review :
Winner of the 2012 Award for Excellence in Social Sciences, Association of American Publishers Winner of the 2012 PROSE Award in Government & Politics, Association of American Publishers "Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady are the nation's leading analysts of participatory inequality, and The Unheavenly Chorus is their magnum opus--a wide-ranging, heavily statistical analysis of how Americans try to make themselves heard as individuals and through organizations of different kinds."--Paul Starr, New Republic "Superb ..."--John Diiulio, America "In The Unheavenly Chorus, [the authors] present a timely and wide-ranging analysis that catalogs and describes the nature and magnitude of political inequality in the United States... These esteemed authors, who have devoted their careers to the study of political participation, have assembled in 718 pages the most complete compendium of political inequality we have--its definition, sources, magnitude, and consequences--together with a consideration of changes in participatory processes that might alleviate inequalities in political voice. In the end, it is a troubling story about the state of American democracy."--Andrea Louise Campbell, Harvard Magazine "The Unheavenly Chorus is the definitive study of participatory inequality in America. Marshaling prodigious evidence, the authors show how money not only buys influence directly but also affects associations that are supposed to be democratic antidotes to concentrated wealth. A monumental achievement of careful scholarship, this book offers real knowledge of how politics actually operates."--Robert Kuttner, coeditor, The American Prospect "In The Unheavenly Chorus, the authors take direct aim at how economic inequality contributes to inequality in citizen involvement in politics. Over the course of 600 pages, they assiduously document that politics in America is a sport played mostly by members of the upper and upper-middle classes."--Nolan McCarty, American Interest