Animal Sonar Systems: (28 NATO ASI Subseries A:)

Thirteen years have gone by since the first international meet- ing on Animal Sonar Systems was held in Frascati, Italy, in 1966. Since that time, almost 900 papers have been published on its theme. The first symposium was vital as it was the starting point for new research lines whose goal was to design and develop technological systems with properties approaching optimal biological systems. There have been highly significant developments since then in all domains related to biological sonar systems and in their appli- cations to the engineering field. The time had therefore come for a multidisciplinary integration of the information gathered, not only on the evolution of systems used in animal echolocation, but on systems theory, behavior and neurobiology, signal-to-noise ratio, masking, signal processing, and measures observed in certain species against animal sonar systems. Modern electronics technology and systems theory which have been developed only since 1974 now allow designing sophisticated sonar and radar systems applying principles derived from biological systems. At the time of the Frascati meeting, integrated circuits and technol- ogies exploiting computer science were not well enough developed to yield advantages now possible through use of real-time analysis, leading to, among other things, a definition of target temporal char- acteristics, as biological sonar systems are able to do. All of these new technical developments necessitate close co- operation between engineers and biologists within the framework of new experiments which have been designed, particularly in the past five years.

Table of Contents:
Early History of Research on Echolocation.- Behavioral methodology in echolocation by marine mammals.- Detection range and range resolution of echolocating bottlenose porpoise.- Odontocete echolocation performance on object size, shape and material.- Cetacean obstacle avoidance.- Performance of airborne animal sonar systems I. micro-chiroptera.- Performance of airborne biosonar systems II. vertebrates other than microchiroptera.- Functional and descriptive anatomy of the bottlenosed dolphin nasolaryngeal system with special reference to the musculature associated with sound production.- Electromyographic and pressure events in the nasolaryngeal system of dolphins during sound production.- Echolocation signals of the atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in open waters.- Acoustics and the behavior of sperm whales.- Click sounds from animals at sea.- Signal characteristics for target localization and discrimination.- Echolocation signals and echoes in air.- Echolocation ontogeny in bats.- Adaptiveness and ecology of echolocation in toothed whales.- Adaptiveness and ecology of echolocation in terrestrial aerial systems.- Sound reception in the porpoise as it relates to echolocation.- Behavioral measures of odontocete hearing.- Electrophysiological experiments on hearing in odontocetes.- Peripheral sound processing in odontocetes.- Cetacean brain research: Need for new directions.- Important areas for future cetacean auditory study.- Auditory processing of echoes: peripheral processing.- Organizational and encoding features of single neurons in the inferior colliculus of bats.- Auditory processing of echoes: representation of acoustic information from the environment in the bat cerebral cortex.- Models of cetacean signal processing.- Models for echolocation.- Energy spectrum analysis in echolocation.- The processing of sonar echoes by bats.- Signal processing and design related to bat sonar systems.- Models of spatial information processing in biosonar systems, and methods suggested to validate them.- A new concept of echo evaluation in the auditory system of bats.- Sensing system design using knowledge of animal acoustic systems.- Air sonars with acoustical display of spatial information.- Discrimination of complex information in an artificially generated auditory space using new auditory sensations.- The Role of Cranial Structures in Odontocete Sonar Signal Emission.- Binaural Estimation of Cross-Range Velocity and Optimum Escape Maneuvers by Moths.- Dolphin Whistles as Velocity-Sensitive Sonar/Navigation Signals.- Target Recognition Via Echolocation by Tursiops truncatus.- Sphere-Cylinder Discrimination Via Echolocation by Tursiops truncatus.- Frequency Selectivity of Constant Latency Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Mexican Free-Tailed Bats.- Structural Adaptation in the Cochlea of the Horseshoe Bat for the Analysis of Long CF-FM Echolocating Signals.- Similarities in Design Features of Orientation Sounds Used by Simpler, Nonaquatic Echolocators.- Rat Echolocation: Correlations Between Object Detection and Click Production.- Signal Design for Matched Filter Detection in a Reverberation-Limited Environment: Application to Cetacean Echolocation Signals.- Variations in the Characteristics of Pulse Emissions of a Tursiops truncatus During the Approach Process and the Acoustic Identification of Different Polygonal Shapes.- Neural Mechanisms for Target Ranging in an Echolocating Bat Eptesicus fuscus.- Hunting Strategies and Echolocating Performance of Bats - Quantitative Behavioral Laboratory Analysis.- Low-Frequency Receiver of the Middle Ear in Mysticetes and Odontocetes.- Morphological Adaptations of the Sound Conducting Apparatus in Echolocating Mammals.- Echolocation Signal Design as a Potential Counter-Countermeasure Against Moth Audition.- Vocalizations of Malaysian Bats Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera.- A Reconstructing Technique for the Nasal Air Sacs System in Toothed Whales.- An Analogue Device for the Generation of Sonar Ambiguity Diagrams.- The Constant Frequency Component of the Biosonar Signals of the Bat, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii.- The Avoidance of Stationary and Moving Obstacles by Little Brown Bats, Myotis lucifugus.- Echolocation and Behavior.- The Function of Lateral Inhibition in the Recognition of Frequency Spectra.- Further Studies of Masking in the Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.- Dolphin Air Sac Motion Measurements During Vocalization by Two Noninvasive Ultrasonic Methods.- A Theory of the Spermaceti Organ in Sperm Whale Sound Production.- How the Green Lacewing Avoids Bats: Behavior and Physiology.- Cylinder and Cube Shape Discrimination by an Echolocating Blindfolded Bottlenosed Dolphin.- "Range" Information Processing at the Highest Levels of the Auditory System.- The Functional Organisation of the Auditory Cortex in the CF - FM Bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.- Tursiops Biosonar Detection in Noise.- Correlation Analysis of Echolocation Pulses.- The Cochlea in Pteronotus parnellii.- Activity of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Due to the Production of Ultrasonic Echolocation Sounds in the CF-FM Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.- Single Brain Stem Unit Responses to Binaural Stimuli Simulating Moving Sounds in Rhinolophus Ferrumequinum.- Alterations of Auditory Responsiveness by the Active Emission of Echolocation Sounds in the Bat, Rhinolophus Ferrumequinum.- Stimulus Control of Echolocation Pulses in Tursiops truncatus.- Response Bias and Attention in Discriminative Echolocation by Tursiops truncatus.- The Auditory Pathway of the Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.- Grey Seal, Halichoerus: Echolocation Not Demonstrated.- The Role of the Anterior and Posterior Cricothyroid Muscles in the Production of Echolocative Pulses by Mormoopidae.- Coding of Sinusoidally Frequency-Modulated Signals by Single Cochlear Nucleus Neurons of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.- Single Unit Responses to Frequency-Modulated Sounds and Signal-Noise Combinations. A Comparative Study of the Inferior Colliculus of Molossid Bats.- Ascending Auditory Pathways in the Brain Stem of the Bat, Pteronotus parnellii.- VIII - General Bibliography.- Participants.- Indexes.- Author Index.- Species Index.