Advances in Cryogenic Engineering: 3 Proceedings of the 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado, August 19-21, 1957

By popular request, the National Bureau of Standards was again a host to a conference on cryogenic engineering on August 19-21, 1957. Similar meetings were held here in 1954 and 1956. The acceptance of over forty papers for this conference was certainly a sign of the increasing activity and interest in this engineering field. There seems little doubt that it will continue to grow, justifying the need for annual meetings. To make the Proceedings more interesting an attempt was made to include as much as possible of the general discussion which followed each paper. To obtain individual reprints of anyone particular paper, please contact the authors directly. 1957 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE B. W. Birmingham National Bureau of Standards S. C. Collins Massachusetts Institute of Technology E. F. Hammel Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory R. B. Scott National Bureau of Standards K. D. Timmerhaus University of Colorado W. T. Ziegler Georgia Institute of Technology i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference Committee gratefully acknowledges the continued support and interest of the following organizations who have made the 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference and the publication of this Proceedings possible. L' Air Liquide Air Products, Inc. Allison Division, General Motor s American Messer Corporation Aro Equipment Corporation Beech Aircraft Corporation Bell Aircraft Boeing Airplane Company Cambridge Corporation Convair Curtiss-Wright Corporation Garrett Corporation General Electric Company Herrick L. Johnston, Inc. Hofman Laboratories Linde Company A. D. Little, Inc.

Table of Contents:
Papers Presented.- Cryogenic Processes.- A-1 Hydrogen Liquefaction Cycles.- A-2 Removal of Nitrogen from Hydrogen with Silica Gel at Low Temperatures.- A-3 Preliminary Design Studies of Low Temperature Refrigeration Plants.- A-4 Power Consumption and Thermodynamic Reversibility in Low Temperature Refrigeration and Separation Processes.- A-5 The Reversible Separation of Multicomponent Mixtures.- A-6 Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes by Multicomponent Distillation.- Cryogenic Processes (continued).- B-1 Efficient Utilization of Ortho-Para Catalyst.- B-2 Design Data for Ortho-Parahydrogen Converters.- B-3 Vapor Phase Ortho-Para Conversion in the Large CEL-NBS Hydrogen Liquefier.- B-4 Design and Application of a Gas Liquefier.- B-5 The Thermodynamic Theory of a Liquid Nitrogen Generator Using a Norelco Refrigerator-Liquefier.- Cryogenic Applicactions.- C-1 Design and Performance Data on a Laboratory Size Liquid Nitrogen Plant.- C-2 Economic and Other Aspects of the Distribution of Navy Helium in Liquid Form.- C-3 Technical Aspects of Large Scale Liquid Helium Liquefaction and Transportation.- C-4 Dilution of Cryogenic Liquid Rocket Propellants During Pressurized Transfer.- C-5 Liquid Oxygen for Missile Testing.- C-6 Unattended Oxygen Plants.- Cryogenic Equipment.- D-1 On the Design of a Cryogenic Facility for Testing Aircraft Components.- D-2 Liquid Helium Temperatures in an Atomic Reactor.- D-3 Integral Probe Capacitance Gaging of Liquid Gas Container Contents.- D-4 A Unique Thermal Conductivity Gas Analyzer.- D-5 Piston Type High Pressure Aircraft Cryogenic Pumps.- D-6 Operation of Bearings and Pumps at Low Temperatures.- D-7 1000 Gallons Per Minute Liquid Oxygen Transfer Unit.- D-8 Contaminants in Liquid Oxygen as Related to Safety in Liquid Oxygen Production and Distribution Equipment.- Cryogenic Equipment (continued).- E-1 A Cryostat for Liquid Nitrogen Cooling of Rocket-borne Photomultiplier Tubes.- E-2 Beech Aircraft 6000 Liter Liquid Hydrogen Dewar.- E-3 Vacuum Insulated Dewars for Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Nitrogen.- E-4 A Precision Low Temperature X-Ray Camera.- E-5 Design of Simple DC Resistance Thermometer Bridges for Wide Range Temperature Control.- E-6 Calibration of Thermocouples at Low Temperatures.- Cryogenic Properties.- F-1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in the System Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Carbon Monoxide.- F-2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Studies on the System Argon-Oxygen.- F-3 Epoxy Resins as Cryogenic Structural Adhesives.- F-4 The Impact Testing of Various Alloys at Low Temperatures.- F-5 Performance Prediction of Low Temperature Air-cooling Extended Surface by Several Comparative Methods.- F-6 Temperature-Pressure-Time Relationships in a Closed Cryogenic Container.- Cryogenic Properties (continued).- G-1 Calculation of Gaseous Heat Conduction in Dewars.- G-2 Measurement of Thermal Stresses at -320 F by Strain Gages.- G-3 Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquid Nitrogen and Hydrogen Flowing Axially Through Narrow Annular Passages.- G-4 Friction Studies of Various Materials in Liquid Nitrogen.- G-5 Properties of 9 Per Cent Nickel Low Temperature Steel.- G-6 Thermal Conductivities of Common Commercial Aluminum Alloys.- G-7 A Comparison of Insulating Materials.