Created Equal: A History of the United States, Volume 2 (from 1865)

With its sweeping, inclusive view of American history, Created Equal emphasizes social history—including the lives and labors of women, immigrants, working people, and minorities in all regions of the country—while delivering the familiar chronology of political and economic history. By integrating the stories of a variety of groups and individuals into the historical narrative, Created Equal helps connect the nation’s past with the student’s present.   Created Equal explores an expanding notion of equality and American identity—one that encompasses the stories of diverse groups of people, territorial growth and expansion, the rise of the middle class, technological innovation and economic development, and engagement with other nations and peoples of the world.

Table of Contents:
Detailed Contents Maps   Figures and Tables   Features    Preface   Supplements   Meet the Authors A Conversation with the Authors   Acknowledgments     15. Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865—1877  The Struggle over the South    Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies    Presidential Reconstruction, 1865—1867    The Southern Postwar Labor Problem    Building Free Communities    Landscapes and Soundscapes of Freedom    Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan    The Remarkable Career of Blanche K. Bruce    Claiming Territory for the Union    Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians    The Postwar Western Labor Problem    Land Use in an Expanding Nation    Buying Territory for the Union    The Republican Vision and Its Limits    Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement    Workers’ Organizations    Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism    Conclusion    Envisioning History Two Artists Memorialize the Battle of Little Big Horn    The Wider World When Did Women Get the Vote? Interpreting History A Southern Labor Contract      Part Six. The Emergence of Modern America, 1877—1900 16. Standardizing the Nation: Innovations in Technology, Business, and Culture, 1877—1890   The New Shape of Business    New Systems and Machines–and Their Price    Alterations in the Natural Environment    Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business    Immigrants: New Labor Supplies for a New Economy    Efficient Machines, Efficient People    The Birth of a National Urban Culture    Economic Sources of Urban Growth    Building the Cities    Local Government Gets Bigger    Thrills, Chills, and Bathtubs: The Emergence of Consumer Culture    Shows and Sports as Spectacles    Entertainment Collides with Tradition    “Palaces of Consumption”    Defending the New Industrial Order    The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire    Social Darwinism and the “Natural” State of Society    Conclusion    Envisioning History What Every Woman Wants: An Ad for a Bathtub    The Wider World Some Major Inventions of the Late Nineteenth Century    Interpreting History Andrew Carnegie and the “Gospel of Wealth”      17. Challenges to Government and Corporate Power, 1877—1890   Resistance to Legal and Military Authority    Chinese Lawsuits in California    Blacks in the “New South”    “Jim Crow” in the West    The Ghost Dance on the High Plains    Revolt in the Workplace    Trouble on the Farm    Militancy in the Factories and Mines    The Haymarket Bombing    Crosscurrents of Reform    The Goal of Indian Assimilation    Transatlantic Networks of Reform    Women Reformers: “Beginning to Burst the Bonds”    Conclusion    Envisioning History Jacob Riis Photographs Immigrants on the Lower East Side of New York City    The Wider World The Jewish Diaspora Interpreting History “Albert Parsons’s Plea for Anarchy”      18. Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression and War: The 1890s   Frontiers at Home, Lost and Found    Claiming and Managing the Land    The Tyranny of Racial Categories    New Roles for Schools    Connections Between Mind and Behavior    The Search for Domestic Political Alliances    Class Conflict    Rise and Demise of the Populists   Barriers to a U.S. Workers’ Political Movement    Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles   American Imperialism    Cultural Encounters with the Exotic   Initial Imperialist Ventures    The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898    Critics of Imperialism    Conclusion    Envisioning History Housing Interiors and the Display of Wealth   The Wider World The Age of Imperialism, 1870-1914    Interpreting History Proceedings of the Congressional Committee on the Philippines      Part Seven. Reform at Home, Revolution Abroad, 1900—1929   19. Visions of the Modern Nation: The Progressive Era, 1900—1912   Expanding National Power    Theodore Roosevelt: The “Rough Rider” as President    Reaching Across the Globe    Protecting and Preserving the Natural World    William Howard Taft: The One-Term Progressive     Immigration: Visions of a Better Life    Land of Newcomers    The Southwest: Mexican Borderlands    Asian Immigration and the Impact of Exclusion    Newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe    Reformers and Radicals    Muckraking, Moral Reform, and Vice Crusades    Women’s Suffrage    Radical Politics and the Labor Movement    Resistance to Racism    Work, Science, and Leisure    The Uses and Abuses of Science   Scientific Management and Mass Production    New Amusements    “Sex O’Clock in America”    Artists Respond to the New Era    Conclusion    Envisioning History Resisting Eugenics: A Political Cartoon The Wider World The Immigrants Who Went Back Home  Interpreting History Defining Whiteness   20. War and Revolution, 1912—1920   A World and a Nation in Upheaval    The Apex of European Conquest    Confronting Revolutions in Asia and Europe      Influencing the Political Order in Latin America    Conflicts over Race and Ethnicity at Home    Women’s Challenges    Workers and Owners Clash    American Neutrality and Domestic Reform    “The One Great Nation at Peace”    Reform Priorities at Home    The Great Migration    Limits to American Neutrality    The United States Goes to War    The Logic of Belligerency    Mobilizing the Home Front    Ensuring Unity at Home    Joining the War in Europe    The Russian Revolution and the War in the East    The Struggle to Win the Peace    Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty    Waging Counterrevolution Abroad    The Red and Black Scares at Home    Conclusion    Envisioning History Political Cartoons and Wartime Dissent    The Wider World Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918  Interpreting History Sex and Citizenship      21. All That Jazz: The 1920s   The Decline of Progressive Reform and the Business of Politics    Women’s Rights After the Struggle for Suffrage    Prohibition: The Experiment That Failed    Reactionary Impulses    Marcus Garvey and the Persistence of Civil Rights Activism    Warren G. Harding: The Politics of Scandal    Calvin Coolidge: The Hands-Off President    Herbert Hoover: The Self-Made President    Hollywood and Harlem: National Cultures in Black and White    Hollywood Comes of Age    The Harlem Renaissance    Radios and Autos: Transforming Leisure at Home    Science on Trial    The Great Flood of 1927    The Triumph of Eugenics: Buck v. Bell    Science, Religion, and the Scopes Trial    Consumer Dreams and Nightmares    Marketing the Good Life    Writers, Critics, and the “Lost Generation”    Poverty Amid Plenty    The Stock Market Crash    Conclusion    Envisioning History Selling Treats in the Los Angeles Suburbs The Wider World Global Hollywood    Interpreting History F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby      Part Eight. From Depression and War to World Power, 1929—1953   22. Hardship and Hope: The Great Depression of the 1930s   The Great Depression    Causes of the Crisis    Surviving Hard Times    Enduring Discrimination    The Dust Bowl    Presidential Responses to the Depression    Herbert Hoover: Failed Efforts    Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist    Eleanor Roosevelt: Activist and First Lady   “Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself”    The New Deal    The First Hundred Days    Monumental Projects Transforming the Landscape    Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right    The Second New Deal    FDR’s Second Term    A New Political Culture    The Labor Movement    The New Deal Coalition    A New Americanism    Conclusion    Envisioning History In the Shadow of the American Dream    The Wider World The Great Depression in North America and Western Europe    Interpreting History Songs of the Great Depression   23. Global Conflict: World War II, 1937—1945   The United States Enters the War    Fascist Aggression in Europe and Asia    The “Great Debate” over Intervention    The Attack on Pearl Harbor    Japanese American Relocation    Foreign Nationals in the United States    Wartime Migrations    Total War    The Holocaust    The War in Europe    The War in the Pacific    The Home Front    Propaganda and Morale    Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls    Racial Tensions at Home and the “Double V” Campaign    The End of the War    The Manhattan Project    Planning for the Postwar Era    Victory in Europe and the Pacific    Conclusion    Envisioning History The Limits of Racial Tolerance    The Wider World Casualties of World War II   Interpreting History Zelda Webb Anderson, “You Just Met One Who Does Not Know How to Cook”      24. Cold War and Hot War, 1945—1953   The Uncertainties of Victory    Global Destruction   Vacuums of Power    Postwar Transition to Peacetime Life    Challenging Racial Discrimination    Class Conflict Between Owners and Workers    The Quest for Security    Redefining National Security    Conflict with the Soviet Union    The Policy of Containment    Colonialism and the Cold War    The Impact of Nuclear Weapons    American Security and Asia    The Chinese Civil War    The Creation of the National Security State    At War in Korea    A Cold War Society    Family Lives    The Growth of the South and the West    Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform    Cold War Politics at Home    Who Is a Loyal American?    Conclusion    Envisioning History The Unity of Communists?   The Wider World The Most Populous Urban Areas    Interpreting History NSC-68      Part Nine. The Cold War at Full Tide, 1953—1979   25. Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953—1963   Cold War, Warm Hearth    Consumer Spending and the Suburban Ideal    Race, Class, and Domesticity    Women: Back to the Future    Mobilizing for Peace and the Environment    The Civil Rights Movement    Brown v. Board of Education    White Resistance, Black Persistence    Boycotts and Sit-Ins    The Eisenhower Years    The Middle of the Road    Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy    Cultural Diplomacy    Outsiders and Opposition    The Kennedy Era    Kennedy’s Domestic Policy    Kennedy’s Foreign Policy    1963: A Year of Turning Points    Conclusion    Envisioning History The Family Fallout Shelter    The Wider World The Distribution of Wealth  Interpreting History Rachel Carson, Silent Spring      26. The Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964—1971   Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism    The New President    The Great Society: Fighting Poverty and Discrimination    The Great Society: Improving the Quality of Life    The Liberal Warren Court    Into War in Vietnam    The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States    Johnson’s War    Americans in Southeast Asia    1968: The Turning Point    “The Movement”    From Civil Rights to Black Power    The New Left and the Struggle Against the War    Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture    Women’s Liberation    The Many Fronts of Liberation    The Conservative Response    Backlashes    The Turmoil of 1968 at Home    The Nixon Administration    Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam    Conclusion    Envisioning History Pop Art The Wider World Military Expenditures, 1966    Interpreting History Martin Luther King Jr. and the Vietnam War      27. Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972—1979   Twin Shocks: Détente and Watergate    Triangular Diplomacy    Scandal in the White House    The Nation After Watergate    Discovering the Limits of the U.S. Economy    The End of the Long Boom    The Oil Embargo    The Environmental Movement    Reshuffling Politics    Congressional Power Reasserted    Jimmy Carter: “I Will Never Lie to You”    Rise of a Peacemaker    The War on Waste    Pressing for Equality    The Meanings of Women’s Liberation New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life    Equality Under the Law    Backlash    Integration and Group Identity    Conclusion    Envisioning History U.S. Dependence on Petroleum Imports    The Wider World Conservative Religious Resurgence in the 1970s Interpreting History The Church Committee and CIA Covert Operations      Part Ten. Global Connections, at Home and Abroad, 1979—2007   28. The Cold War Returns–and Ends, 1979—1991   Anticommunism Revived    Iran and Afghanistan    The Conservative Victory of 1980    Renewing the Cold War    Republican Rule at Home    “Reaganomics”    The Environment Contested    The Affluence Gap    Cultural Conflict    The Rise of the Religious Right    Dissenters Push Back    The New Immigrants    The End of the Cold War    From Cold War to Détente    The Iran-Contra Scandal    A Global Police?    Conclusion    Envisioning History The Mall of America    The Wider World Global Immigration in the 1980s  Interpreting History Religion and Politics in the 1980s     29. Post—Cold War America, 1991—2000    The Economy: Global and Domestic    The Post—Cold War Economy    The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor    Service Workers and Labor Unions    Industry versus the Environment    Tolerance and Its Limits    The Los Angeles Riots: “We Can All Get Along”    Values in Conflict    Courtroom Dramas: Clarence Thomas and O. J. Simpson    The Changing Face of Diversity    The Clinton Years    The 1992 Election     Clinton’s Domestic Agenda and the “Republican Revolution” The Impeachment Crisis    Trade, Peacemaking, and Military Intervention    Terrorism and Danger at Home and Abroad    The Contested Election of 2000     The Campaign, the Vote, and the Courts    The Aftermath    Legacies of Election 2000    Conclusion    Envisioning History The Great American Voting Machine The Wider World How Much Do the World’s CEOs Make Compared to Workers?    Interpreting History Vermont Civil Union Law      30. A Global Nation in the New Millennium   George W. Bush and War in the Middle East    The President and the “War on Terror”  Security and Politics at Home    Into War in Iraq    The Election of 2004 and the Second Bush Administration  The American Place in a Global Economy  The Logic and Technology of Globalization  Free Trade and the Global Assembly Line  Who Benefits from Globalization?  The Stewardship of Natural Resources  Ecological Transformations  Pollution  Environmentalism and Its Limitations  The Expansion of American Popular Culture Abroad  A Culture of Diversity and Entertainment  U.S. Influence Abroad Since the Cold War  Resistance to American Popular Culture  Identity in Contemporary America  Negotiating Multiple Identities  Social Change and Abiding Discrimination  Still an Immigrant Society  Conclusion  Envisioning History Where Is the West?  The Wider World Capital Punishment, Abolition and Use Interpreting History The “War on Terror”    Appendix The Declaration of Independence  The Article of Confederation  The Constitution of the United States of America  Amendments to the Constitution  Presidential Elections Present Day United States Present Day World Glossary Credits Index  Maps

About the Author :
Jacqueline Jones was born in Christiana, Delaware, a small town of 400 people in the northern part of the state. The local public school was desegregated in 1955, when she was a third grader. That event, combined with the peculiar social etiquette of relations between blacks and whites in the town, sparked her interest in American history. She attended the University of Delaware in nearby Newark and went on to graduate study at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where she received her Ph.D. in history. Her scholarly interests have evolved over time, focusing on American labor and women's, African American, and southern history. She teaches American history at Brandeis University, where she is Harry S. Truman Professor. In 1999, she received a MacArthur Fellowship. Dr. Jones is the author of several books, including Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks (1980); Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and Family Since Slavery (1985), which won the Bancroft Prize and was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize; The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses Since the Civil War (1992); and American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor (1998). In 2001, she published a memoir that recounts her childhood in Christiana: Creek Walking: Growing Up in Delaware in the 1950s. She recently completed a book titled Savannah's Civil War, which spans the period 1854 to 1872 and chronicles the strenuous but largely thwarted efforts of black people in lowcountry Georgia to achieve economic opportunity and full citizenship rights during and after the Civil War. Peter H. Wood was born in St. Louis (before the famous arch was built). He recalls seeing Jackie Robinson play against the Cardinals, visiting the courthouse where the Dred Scott case originated, and traveling up the Mississippi to Hannibal, birthplace of Mark Twain. Summer work on the northern Great Lakes aroused his interest in Native American cultures, past and present. He studied at Harvard (B.A., 1964; Ph.D., 1972) and at Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar (1964-1966). His pioneering book Black Majority (1974), concerning slavery in colonial South Carolina, won the Beveridge Prize of the American Historical Association. Since 1975, he has taught early American history and Native American history at Duke University. The topics of his articles range from the French explorer LaSalle to Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon. He has written a short overview of early African Americans, entitled Strange New Land, and he has appeared in several related films on PBS. He has published two books about the famous American painter Winslow Homer and coedited Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast (revised, 2007). His demographic essay in that volume provided the first clear picture of population change in the eighteenth-century South. Dr. Wood has served on the boards of the Highlander Center, Harvard University, Houston's Rothko Chapel, and the Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg. He is married to colonial historian Elizabeth Fenn. His varied interests include archaeology, documentary film, and growing gourds. He keeps a baseball bat used by Ted Williams beside his desk. Thomas ("Tim") Borstelmann, the son of a university psychologist, grew up in North Carolina as the youngest child in a family deeply interested in history. His formal education came at Durham Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, Stanford University (A.B., 1980), and Duke University (Ph.D., 1990). Informally, he was educated on the basketball courts of the South, the rocky shores of new England, the streets of Dublin, Ireland, the museums of Florence, Italy, and the high-country trails of the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. He taught history at Cornell University from 1991 to 2003, when he moved to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln to become the first E. N. and Katherine Thompson Distinguished Professor of Modern World History. Since 1988 he has been married to Lynn Borstelmann, a nurse and hospital administrator, and his highest priority for almost two decades has been serving as the primary parent for their two sons. He is an avid cyclist, runner, swimmer, and skier.\ Dr. Borstelmann's first book, Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold Ward (1993), won the Stuart L. Bernath Book Prize of the Society for Historians of Foreign Relations. His second book, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena, appeared in 2001. At Cornell he won a major teaching award, the Robert and Helen Appel Fellowship. He is currently working on a book about the United States and the world in the 1970s. Elaine Tyler May grew up in the shadow of Hollywood, performing in neighborhood circuses with her friends. Her passion for American history developed in college when she spent her junior year in Japan. The year was 1968. The Vietnam War was raging, along with turmoil at home. As an American in Asia, often called on to explain her nation's actions, she yearned for a deeper understanding of America's past and its place in the world. She returned home to study history at UCLA, where she earned her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. She has taught at Princeton and Harvard Universities and since 1978 at the University of Minnesota, where she was recently named Regents professor. She has written four books examining the relationship between politics, public policy, and private life. Her widely acclaimed Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era was the first study to link the baby boom and suburbia to the politics of the Cold War. The Chronicle of Higher Education featuredBarren in the Promis4ed Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness as a pioneering study of the history of reproduction. Lingua Franca named her coedited volume Here, there, and Everywhere: The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture a "Breakthrough Book." Dr. May served as president of the American Studies Association in 1996 and as Distinguished Fulbright Professor of American History in Dublin, Ireland, in 1997. In 2007 she became president-elect of the Organization of American Historians. She is married to historian Lary May and has three children, who have inherited their parents' passion for history. Vicki L. Ruiz is a professor of history and Chicano/Latino studies and interim Dean for the School of Humanities at the university of California, Irvine. For her, history remains a grand adventure, one that she began at the kitchen table, listening to the stories of her mother and grandmother, and continued with the help of the local bookmobile. She read constantly as she sat on the dock, catching small fish ("grunts") to be used as bait on her father's fishing boat. As she grew older, she was promoted to working with her mother, selling tickets for the Blue Sea II. The first in her family to receive an advanced degree, she graduated from Gulf Coast Community College and Florida State University, then went on to earn a Ph.D. in history at Stanford in 1982. She is the author of Cannery Women, Cannery Lives and From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in 20th-Century America (named a Choice Outstanding Academic Book of 1998 by the American Library Association). She and Virginia Sanchez Korrol have coedited Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (named a 2007 Best in Reference work by the New York Public Library). Active in student mentorship projects, summer institutes for teachers, and public humanities programs, Dr. Ruiz served as an appointee to the National Council of the Humanities. In 2006 she became and elected fellow of the Society of American Historians. She is the past president of the Organization of American Historians and the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women and currently serves and president of the American Studies Association. The mother of two grown sons, she is married to Victor Becerra, urban planner, community activist, and gourmet cook extraordinaire.