About the Book
OpenGL is a powerful software interface used to produce high-quality computer generated images and interactive applications using 2D and 3D objects and color bitmaps and images. The OpenGL Programming Guide, Third Edition, provides definitive and comprehensive information on OpenGL and the OpenGL Utility Library. This book discusses all OpenGL functions and their syntax shows how to use those functions to create interactive applications and realistic color images. You will find clear explanations of OpenGL functionality and many basic computer graphics techniques such as building and rendering 3D models; interactively viewing objects from different perspective points; and using shading, lighting, and texturing effects for greater realism. In addition, this book provides in-depth coverage of advanced techniques, including texture mapping, antialiasing, fog and atmospheric effects, NURBS, image processing, and more. The text also explores other key topics such as enhancing performance, OpenGL extensions, and cross-platform techniques. This third edition has been extensively updated to include the newest features of OpenGL, Version 1.2
, including: *3D texture mapping *Multitexturing *New pixel storage formats, including packed and reversed (BGRA) formats *Specular lighting after texturing *The OpenGL imaging subset *New GLU routines and functionality Numerous code examples are provided to practical programming techniques. The color plate section illustrates the power and sophistication of the newest version of OpenGL. The OpenGL Technical Library provides tutorial and reference books for OpenGL. The library enables programmers to gain a practical understanding of OpenGL and shows them how to unlock its full potential. The OpenGL Technical Library was originally developed by SGI and continues to evelove under the auspices of the Architecture Review Board (ARB), an industry consortium responsible for guiding the evolution of OpenGL and related technologies. The OpenGL ARB is composed of industry leaders, such as 3Dlabs, Compaq, Evans & Sutherland, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Intergraph, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and SGI. The OpenGL Programming Guide, Third Edition was written by Mason Woo, Jackie Neider, Tom Davis, and Dave Shreiner.
Table of Contents:
About This Guide.
What This Guide Contains.
What's New in This Edition.
What You Should Know Before Reading This Guide.
How to Obtain the Sample Code.
Nate Robins' OpenGL Tutors.
Errata.
Style Conventions.
Acknowledgments.
Figures.
Tables.
Examples.
1. Introduction to OpenGL.
What Is OpenGL?
A Smidgen of OpenGL Code.
OpenGL Command Syntax.
OpenGL as a State Machine.
OpenGL Rendering Pipeline.
Display Lists.
Evaluators.
Per-Vertex Operations.
Primitive Assembly.
Pixel Operations.
Texture Assembly.
Rasterization.
Fragment Operations.
OpenGL-Related Libraries.
Include Files.
GLUT, the OpenGL Utility Toolkit.
Animation.
The Refresh That Pauses.
Motion = Redraw + Swap.
2. State Management and Drawing Geometric Objects.
A Drawing Survival Kit.
Clearing the Window.
Specifying a Color.
Forcing Completion of Drawing.
Coordinate System Survival Kit.
Describing Points, Lines, and Polygons.
What Are Points, Lines, and Polygons?
Specifying Vertices.
OpenGL Geometric Drawing Primitives.
Basic State Management.
Displaying Points, Lines, and Polygons.
Point Details.
Line Details.
Polygon Details.
Normal Vectors.
Vertex Arrays.
Step 1: Enabling Arrays.
Step 2: Specifying Data for the Arrays.
Step 3: Dereferencing and Rendering.
Interleaved Arrays.
Attribute Groups.
Some Hints for Building Polygonal Models of Surfaces.
An Example: Building an Icosahedron.
3. Viewing.
Overview: The Camera Analogy.
A Simple Example: Drawing a Cube.
General-Purpose Transformation Commands.
Viewing and Modeling Transformations.
Thinking about Transformations.
Modeling Transformations.
Viewing Transformations.
Projection Transformations.
Perspective Projection.
Orthographic Projection.
Viewing Volume Clipping.
Viewport Transformation.
Defining the Viewport.
The Transformed Depth Coordinate.
Troubleshooting Transformations.
Manipulating the Matrix Stacks.
The Modelview Matrix Stack.
The Projection Matrix Stack.
Additional Clipping Planes.
Examples of Composing Several Transformations.
Building a Solar System.
Building an Articulated Robot Arm.
Reversing or Mimicking Transformations.
4. Color.
Color Perception.
Computer Color.
RGBA versus Color-Index Mode.
RGBA Display Mode.
Color-Index Display Mode.
Choosing between RGBA and Color-Index Mode.
Changing between Display Modes.
Specifying a Color and a Shading Model.
Specifying a Color in RGBA Mode.
Specifying a Color in Color-Index Mode.
Specifying a Shading Model.
5. Lighting.
A Hidden-Surface Removal Survival Kit.
Real-World and OpenGL Lighting.
Ambient, Diffuse, Specular, and Emissive Light.
Material Colors.
RGB Values for Lights and Materials.
A Simple Example: Rendering a Lit Sphere.
Creating Light Sources.
Color.
Position and Attenuation.
Spotlights.
Multiple Lights.
Controlling a Light's Position and Direction.
Selecting a Lighting Model.
Global Ambient Light.
Local or Infinite Viewpoint.
Two-Sided Lighting.
Separate Specular Color.
Enabling Lighting.
Defining Material Properties.
Diffuse and Ambient Reflection.
Specular Reflection.
Emission.
Changing Material Properties.
Color Material Mode.
The Mathematics of Lighting.
Material Emission.
Scaled Global Ambient Light.
Contributions from Light Sources.
Putting It All Together.
Separate Specular Color.
Lighting in Color-Index Mode.
The Mathematics of Color-Index Mode Lighting.
6. Blending, Antialiasing, Fog, and Polygon Offset.
Blending.
The Source and Destination Factors.
Sample Uses of Blending.
A Blending Example.
Three-Dimensional Blending with the Depth Buffer.
Antialiasing.
Antialiasing Points or Lines.
Antialiasing Polygons.
Fog.
Using Fog.
Fog Equations.
Polygon Offset.
7. Display Lists.
An Example of Using a Display List.
Display List Design Philosophy.
Creating and Executing a Display List.
Naming and Creating a Display List.
What's Stored in a Display List?
Executing a Display List.
Hierarchical Display Lists.
Managing Display List Indices.
Executing Multiple Display Lists.
Managing State Variables with Display Lists.
Encapsulating Mode Changes.
8. Drawing Pixels, Bitmaps, Fonts, and Images.
Bitmaps and Fonts.
The Current Raster Position.
Drawing the Bitmap.
Choosing a Color for the Bitmap.
Fonts and Display Lists.
Defining and Using a Complete Font.
Images.
Reading, Writing, and Copying Pixel Data.
Imaging Pipeline.
Pixel Packing and Unpacking.
Controlling Pixel-Storage Modes.
Pixel-Transfer Operations.
Pixel Mapping.
Magnifying, Reducing, or Flipping an Image.
Reading and Drawing Pixel Rectangles.
The Pixel Rectangle Drawing Process.
Tips for Improving Pixel Drawing Rates.
Imaging Subset.
Color Tables.
Convolutions.
Color Matrix.
Histogram.
Minmax.
Combining Pixels Using Blending Equations.
Constant Blending Factors.
9. Texture Mapping.
An Overview and an Example.
Steps in Texture Mapping.
A Sample Program.
Specifying the Texture.
Texture Proxy.
Replacing All or Part of a Texture Image.
One-Dimensional Textures.
Three-Dimensional Textures.
Using a Texture's Borders.
Multiple Levels of Detail.
Filtering.
Texture Objects.
Naming A Texture Object.
Creating and Using Texture Objects.
Cleaning Up Texture Objects.
A Working Set of Resident Textures.
Texture Functions.
Post-Texture Application of Specular Color.
Assigning Texture Coordinates.
Computing Appropriate Texture Coordinates.
Repeating and Clamping Textures.
Automatic Texture-Coordinate Generation.
Creating Contours.
Environment Mapping.
Advanced Features.
The Texture Matrix Stack.
Multitexturing.
10. The Framebuffer.
Buffers and Their Uses.
Color Buffers.
Clearing Buffers.
Selecting Color Buffers for Writing and Reading.
Masking Buffers.
Testing and Operating on Fragments.
Scissor Test.
Alpha Test.
Stencil Test.
Depth Test.
Blending, Dithering, and Logical Operations.
The Accumulation Buffer.
Scene Antialiasing.
Motion Blur.
Depth of Field.
Soft Shadows.
Jittering.
11. Tessellators and Quadrics.
Polygon Tessellation.
Creating a Tessellation Object.
Tessellation Callback Routines.
Tessellation Properties.
Polygon Definition.
Deleting a Tessellation Object.
Tessellation Performance Tips.
Describing GLU Errors.
Backward Compatibility.
Quadrics: Rendering Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks.
Managing Quadrics Objects.
Controlling Quadrics Attributes.
Quadrics Primitives.
12. Evaluators and NURBS.
Prerequisites.
Evaluators.
One-Dimensional Evaluators.
Two-Dimensional Evaluators.
Using Evaluators for Textures.
The GLU NURBS Interface.
A Simple NURBS Example.
Managing a NURBS Object.
Creating a NURBS Curve or Surface.
Trimming a NURBS Surface.
13. Selection and Feedback.
Selection.
The Basic Steps.
Creating the Name Stack.
The Hit Record.
A Selection Example.
Picking.
Hints for Writing a Program That Uses Selection.
Feedback.
The Feedback Array.
Using Markers in Feedback Mode.
A Feedback Example.
14. Now That You Know.
Error Handling.
Which Version Am I Using?
Utility Library Version.
Window System Extension Versions.
Extensions to the Standard.
Extensions to the Standard for Microsoft Windows (WGL).
Cheesy Translucency.
An Easy Fade Effect.
Object Selection Using the Back Buffer.
Cheap Image Transformation.
Displaying Layers.
Antialiased Characters.
Drawing Round Points.
Interpolating Images.
Making Decals.
Drawing Filled, Concave Polygons Using the Stencil Buffer.
Finding Interference Regions.
Shadows.
Hidden-Line Removal.
Hidden-Line Removal with Polygon Offset.
Hidden-Line Removal with the Stencil Buffer.
Texture Mapping Applications.
Drawing Depth-Buffered Images.
Dirichlet Domains.
Life in the Stencil Buffer.
Alternative Uses for glDrawPixels() and glCopyPixels().
A. Order of Operations.
Overview.
Geometric Operations.
Per-Vertex Operations.
Primitive Assembly.
Pixel Operations.
Texture Memory.
Fragment Operations.
Odds and Ends.
B. State Variables.
The Query Commands.
OpenGL State Variables.
Current Values and Associated Data.
Vertex Array.
Transformation.
Coloring.
Lighting.
Rasterization.
Texturing.
Pixel Operations.
Framebuffer Control.
Pixels.
Evaluators.
Hints.
Implementation-Dependent Values.
Implementation-Dependent Pixel Depths.
Miscellaneous.
C. OpenGL and Window Systems.
GLX: OpenGL Extension for the X Window System.
Initialization.
Controlling Rendering.
GLX Prototypes.
AGL: OpenGL Extensions for the Apple Macintosh.
Initialization.
Rendering and Contexts.
Managing an OpenGL Rendering Context.
On-Screen Rendering.
Off-Screen Rendering.
Full-Screen Rendering.
Swapping Buffers.
Updating the Rendering Buffers.
Using an Apple Macintosh Font.
Error Handling.
AGL Prototypes.
PGL: OpenGL Extension for IBM OS/2 Warp.
Initialization.
Controlling Rendering.
PGL Prototypes.
WGL: OpenGL Extension for Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT.
Initialization.
Controlling Rendering.
WGL Prototypes.
D. Basics of GLUT: The OpenGL Utility Toolkit.
Initializing and Creating a Window.
Handling Window and Input Events.
Loading the Color Map.
Initializing and Drawing Three-Dimensional Objects.
Managing a Background Process.
Running the Program.
E. Calculating Normal Vectors.
Finding Normals for Analytic Surfaces.
Finding Normals from Polygonal Data.
F. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices.
Homogeneous Coordinates.
Transforming Vertices.
Transforming Normals.
Transformation Matrices.
Translation.
Scaling.
Rotation.
Perspective Projection.
Orthographic Projection.
G. Programming Tips.
OpenGL Correctness Tips.
OpenGL Performance Tips.
GLX Tips.
H. OpenGL Invariance.
Glossary.
Index.
About the Author :
Dave Shreiner, a leading OpenGL consultant, was a longtime member of the core OpenGL team at SGI. He authored the first commercial OpenGL training course, and has been developing computer graphics applications for more than two decades.
