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Starting Out with Java: Early Objects is intended for use in the Java programming course. It is also suitable for all readers interested in an introduction to the Java programming language.
Tony Gaddis’s accessible, step-by-step presentation helps beginning students understand the important details necessary to become skilled programmers at an introductory level. Gaddis motivates the study of both programming skills and the Java programming language by presenting all the details needed to understand the “how” and the “why”—but never losing sight of the fact that most beginners struggle with this material. His approach is both gradual and highly accessible, ensuring that students understand the logic behind developing high-quality programs.
In Starting Out with Java: Early Objects, Gaddis looks at objects—the fundamentals of classes and methods—before covering procedural programming. As with all Gaddis texts, clear and easy-to-read code listings, concise and practical real-world examples, and an abundance of exercises appear in every chapter.
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Table of Contents:
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Java 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Why Program? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 What Is a Program Made of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 The Programming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7 Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Review Questions and Exercises 24
Programming Challenge 28
Chapter 2 Java Fundamentals 31
2.1 The Parts of a Java Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 The System.out.print and System.out.println Methods, and the
Java API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Variables and Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4 Primitive Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.6 Combined Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Conversion between Primitive Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.8 Creating Named Constants with final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.9 The String Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.10 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.11 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.12 Programming Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.13 Reading Keyboard Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.14 Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.15 The System.out.printf Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.16 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Review Questions and Exercises 118
Programming Challenges 123
Chapter 3 A First Look at Classes and Objects 129
3.1 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2 More about Passing Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.3 Instance Fields and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.4 Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.5 A BankAccount Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.6 Classes, Variables, and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.7 Packages and import Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.8 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes
and Their Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.9 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Review Questions and Exercises 183
Programming Challenges 187
Chapter 4 Decision Structures 193
4.1 The if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.2 The if-else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.3 The Payroll Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.4 Nested if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.5 The if-else-if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.6 Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.7 Comparing String Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.8 More about Variable Declaration and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.9 The Conditional Operator (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
4.10 The switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.11 Formatting Numbers with the DecimalFormat Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.12 Focus on Problem Solving: The SalesCommission Class . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.13 Generating Random Numbers with the Random Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.14 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Review Questions and Exercises 268
Programming Challenges 273
Chapter 5 Loops and Files 279
5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.2 The while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
5.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.4 The do-while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5.5 The for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
5.6 Running Totals and Sentinel Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
5.7 Nested Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
5.8 The break and continue Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
5.9 Deciding Which Loop to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
5.10 Introduction to File Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.11 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Review Questions and Exercises 342
Programming Challenges 348
Chapter 6 A Second Look at Classes and Objects 357
6.1 Static Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.2 Overloaded Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
6.3 Overloaded Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
6.4 Passing Objects as Arguments to Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.5 Returning Objects from Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
6.6 The toString Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
6.7 Writing an equals Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
6.8 Methods That Copy Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
6.9 Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
6.10 The this Reference Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
6.11 Inner Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
6.12 Enumerated Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
6.13 Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
6.14 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . 431
6.15 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Review Questions and Exercises 436
Programming Challenges 441
Chapter 7 Arrays and the ArrayList Class 449
7.1 Introduction to Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
7.2 Processing Array Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
7.3 Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
7.4 Some Useful Array Algorithms and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
7.5 Returning Arrays from Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
7.6 String Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
7.7 Arrays of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
7.8 The Sequential Search Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
7.9 The Selection Sort and the Binary Search Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
7.10 Two-Dimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
7.11 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
7.12 Command-Line Arguments and Variable-Length Argument Lists . . . . 522
7.13 The ArrayList Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
7.14 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Review Questions and Exercises 535
Programming Challenges 539
Chapter 8 Text Processing and Wrapper Classes 547
8.1 Introduction to Wrapper Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
8.2 Character Testing and Conversion with the Character Class . . . . . . . 548
8.3 More about String Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
8.4 The StringBuilder Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
8.5 Tokenizing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
8.6 Wrapper Classes for the Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
8.7 Focus on Problem Solving: The TestScoreReader Class . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
8.8 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Review Questions and Exercises 595
Programming Challenges 599
Chapter 9 Inheritance 605
9.1 What Is Inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
9.2 Calling the Superclass Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
9.3 Overriding Superclass Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
9.4 Protected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
9.5 Classes That Inherit from Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
9.6 The Object Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
9.7 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
9.8 Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
9.9 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
9.10 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Review Questions and Exercises 669
Programming Challenges 675
Chapter 10 Exceptions and Advanced File I/O 681
10.1 Handling Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
10.2 Throwing Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
10.3 Advanced Topics: Binary Files, Random Access Files, and Object
Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
10.4 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Review Questions and Exercises 729
Programming Challenges 735
Chapter 11 GUI Applications–Part 1 739
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
11.2 Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
11.3 Creating Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
11.4 Layout Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
11.5 Radio Buttons and Check Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
11.6 Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
11.7 Focus on Problem Solving: Extending the JPanel Class . . . . . . . . . . . 812
11.8 Splash Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
11.9 Using Console Output to Debug a GUI Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
11.10 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Review Questions and Exercises 831
Programming Challenges 836
Chapter 12 GUI Applications–Part 2 841
12.1 Read-Only Text Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
12.2 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
12.3 Combo Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
12.4 Displaying Images in Labels and Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
12.5 Mnemonics and Tool Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
12.6 File Choosers and Color Choosers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
12.7 Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
12.8 More about Text Components: Text Areas and Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
12.9 Sliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
12.10 Look and Feel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
12.11 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Review Questions and Exercises 898
Programming Challenges 903
Chapter 13 Applets and More 909
13.1 Introduction to Applets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
13.2 A Brief Introduction to HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
13.3 Creating Applets with Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
13.4 Using AWT for Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
13.5 Drawing Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
13.6 Handling Mouse Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
13.7 Timer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
13.8 Playing Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
13.9 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974
Review Questions and Exercises 974
Programming Challenges 980
Chapter 14 Creating GUI Applications with JavaFX 983
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
14.2 Scene Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
14.3 Using Scene Builder to Create JavaFX Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
14.4 Writing the Application Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
14.5 RadioButtons and CheckBoxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
14.6 Displaying Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
14.7 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Review Questions and Exercises 1030
Programming Challenges 1034
Chapter 15 Recursion 1039
15.1 Introduction to Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
15.2 Solving Problems with Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
15.3 Examples of Recursive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046
15.4 A Recursive Binary Search Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
15.5 The Towers of Hanoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056
15.6 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Review Questions and Exercises 1061
Programming Challenges 1064
Chapter 16 Databases 1067
16.1 Introduction to Database Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
16.2 Tables, Rows, and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
16.3 Introduction to the SQL SELECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
16.4 Inserting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
16.5 Updating and Deleting Existing Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
16.6 Creating and Deleting Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110
16.7 Creating a New Database with JDBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
16.8 Scrollable Result Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
16.9 Result Set Meta Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
16.10 Displaying Query Results in a JTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
16.11 Relational Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
16.12 Advanced Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
16.13 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
Review Questions and Exercises 1155
Programming Challenges 1160
Appendix A Getting Started with Alice 2 1163
Index 1189
Credits 1205
Available on the book’s online resource page at
www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis
Appendix B The ASCII/Unicode Characters
Appendix C Operator Precedence and Associativity
Appendix D Java Key Words
Appendix E Installing the JDK and JDK Documentation
Appendix F Using the javadoc Utility
Appendix G More about the Math Class
Appendix H Packages
Appendix I Working with Records and Random-Access Files
Appendix J Installing Java DB
Appendix K The QuickSort Algorithm
Appendix L Answers to Checkpoints Questions
Appendix M Answers to Odd-Numbered Review Questions
Case Study 1 The Amortization Class
Case Study 2 The PinTester Class
Case Study 3 Parallel Arrays
Case Study 4 The SerialNumber Class
Case Study 5 A Simple Text Editor Application
About the Author :
Tony Gaddis is the principal author of the Starting Out With series of textbooks. Tony has nearly two decades of experience teaching computer science courses, primarily at Haywood Community College. He is a highly acclaimed instructor who was previously selected as the North Carolina Community College “Teacher of the Year” and has received the Teaching Excellence award from the National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development. The Starting Out With series includes introductory books covering C++, Java™, Microsoft® Visual Basic®, Microsoft® C#®, Python®, Programming Logic and Design, Alice, and App Inventor, all published by Pearson. More information about all these books can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddisbooks.
