Robert CombesAfter leaving the University of London (Queen Mary College; 1964-1970) with a PhD in Genetics, Robert Combes has held posts in academia, industry, and the charitable sector, including Reader in Toxicology at Portsmouth Polytechnic, Head of Mutageniciy and Cellular Toxicology at Inveresk Research International, Scotland, and Scientific Director, then Director, of FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments), based in Nottingham (1994-2008). He has research interests in genetic toxicology, in vitro toxicology, xenobiotic biotransformation, in silico prediction systems and the Three Rs (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) approach to animal experimentation. Dr Combes has published numerous papers, book chapters and conference proceedings, given presentations at many conferences and workshops, and served on many committees, including the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Biology (now the Royal Biological Society) in 1987, was Secretary of the United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS), and was Secretary, then President, of the European Society of Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV), later to be elected an Honorary Member (2010), and has served on the editorial boards of several journals, including: ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, Toxicology in Vitro and Mutation Research. Dr Combes has acted as a co-editor for five scientific texts. Read More Read Less