Marie Stopes

Marie Stopes (1880-1958) was a British author, activist, eugenicist, and paleobotanist. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Stopes was the daughter of Henry Stopes, a paleontologist, and Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, a women's rights activist and Sakespearean scholar. Raised in London, she attended meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science from a young age, eventually enrolling at University College London to study botany and geology. In 1902, the year of her graduation, she began working with Dr. Francis Oliver as a research assistant. After participating in a groundbreaking discovery of fossil specimens containing intact fern fronds and seeds, Stopes completed her D. Sc., making her the youngest Briton in history to attain the degree. Her own research focused on Carboniferous coal balls from throughout different geological eras, but she eventually turned away from paleobotany to focus on the issue of birth control. In 1913, after meeting Margaret Sanger, and spurred on by her impending divorce, Stopes published Married Love or Love in Marriage, a guide for couples intended to promote birth control and foster healthy sexual relationships. Working with husband Humphrey Roe, Stopes founded the first birth control clinic in Britain in 1921, offering free services for married women in need of contraceptives and sexual education. Like many of her contemporaries, Stopes opposed abortion and was an ardent supporter of eugenics, even entrusting her clinic to the Eugenics Society after her death from breast cancer at the age of 77.