Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings

The market-leading guide to arguments, Writing Arguments ,8/e has proven highly successful in teaching readers to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own.    

Table of Contents:
Preface     Acknowledgments       Part 1    Overview of Argument    1  Argument: An Introduction   What Do We Mean by Argument?           Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel          Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate  Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit   *Louis W. Sullivan, M.D., Let the Facts Decide, Not Fear   The Defining Features of Argument            Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims             Argument Is Both a Process and a Product             Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion             Argument and the Problem of Truth     A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee     Gordon Adams (student),“Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement”     Conclusion       2  Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring Finding Issues to Explore             Do Some Initial Brainstorming             Be Open to the Issues All Around You             Explore Ideas by Freewriting             Explore Ideas by Idea-Mapping             Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game Placing Texts in a Rhetorical Context             Genres of Argument             Cultural Contexts: Who Writes Arguments and Why?             Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims *John Kavanaugh, Amnesty?             Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe             Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views Reading to Doubt Thinking Dialectically             Questions to Stimulate Dialectic Thinking *Fred Reed, Why Blame Mexico?             Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking Conclusion Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or Formal Exploratory Essay Reading *Michael Banks (student), Should the United States Grant Legal Status to Undocumented Immigrant Workers?   Part 2    Writing a Classical Argument    3  The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons     The Structure of a Classical Argument   Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle     Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument             Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question             How to Identify an Issue Question           Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument     Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons             What Is a Reason?             Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses     Conclusion     Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements       4  The Logical Structure of Arguments     An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an Argument?             Formal Logic Versus Real World Logic            The Role of Assumptions   The Enthymeme: The Core of an Argument   Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System     Using Toulmin’s Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support     The Power of Audience-Based Reasons             Difference between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons             Finding Audience-Based Reasons: Asking Questions about Your Audience     Conclusion     Writing Assignment: Plan for the Details of an Argument        5  Using Evidence Effectively     The Persuasive Use of Evidence             Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence             Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts     Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence             Kinds of Evidence             Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence     Examining Visual Arguments: Mosh Pit Photographs   Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence     Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence     Gathering Evidence             Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence             Gathering Data from Interviews             Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires     Conclusion     Writing Assignment:  A Microtheme or “Supporting Reasons” Argument     Reading *Carmen Tieu (student), Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls      6  Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos     Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview     How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility     How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Belief and Emotions             Use Concrete Language             Use Specific Examples and Illustrations             Use Narratives             Choose Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations             Using Images for Emotional Appeal     Examining Visual Arguments: Toyota Prius Ad   Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments     How Audience-Based Reasons Enhance Logos, Ethos, and Pathos   Conclusion     Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons        7  Responding to Objections and Alternative Views     One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments     Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views     Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument     Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument             Summarizing Opposing Views             Refuting Opposing Views             Strategies for Rebutting Evidence             Conceding to Opposing Views     Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy     Marybeth Hamilton (student), From “First Place: A Healing School for Homeless Children”     Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument     Delayed-Thesis Argument     Ellen Goodman, Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance     Rogerian Argument     Conclusion     Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Dialogic Argument Aimed at Conciliation     Readings David Langley (student), ”Half-Criminals” or Urban Athletes: A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders (A Classical Argument)     Rebekah Taylor (student), A Letter to Jim (A Rogerian Argument)       Part 3  Analyzing Arguments     8  Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically   Questions for Rhetorical Analysis   An Illustration of Rhetorical Analysis     *Kathryn Jean Lopez, Egg Heads   A Rhetorical Analysis of “Egg Heads”   Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis   Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis   Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis   Readings *Ellen Goodman, Womb for Rent–for a Price   *Zachary Stumps (student), A Rhetorical Analysis of Ellen Goodman’s “Wombs for Rent–for a Price”     9  Analyzing Visual Arguments     Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument             Use of Type             Use of Space or Layout             An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements     Drug Enforcement Administration, “A Single Hit of Ecstasy ...” (advocacy advertisement)     Common Sense for Drug Policy, “What We Know About Ecstasy” (advocacy advertisement)             Use of Color             Use of Images and Graphics     An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components     Save the Children, “She’s the Best Qualified Teacher for Her Children” (advocacy advertisement)      The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings     An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images     General Motors, “Introducing the Saturn VUE” (consumer advertisement)     The Genres of Visual Argument             Posters and Fliers             Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements                   Cartoons             Web Pages     Constructing Your Own Visual Argument     Leah Johnson (student), “Drink and Then Drive? Jeopardize My Future?” (poster)    Using Information Graphics in Arguments             How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories             Using a Graph to Tell a Story             Bar Graphs             Pie Charts             Line Graphs             Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument             Designing the Graphic             Numbering, Labeling, and Titling the Graphic             Referencing the Graphic in Your Text     Conclusion     Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Poster Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Graphics       Part 4 Arguments in Depth: Six Types of Claims   10  An Introduction to the Types of Claims     An Overview of the Types of Claims     Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example             Making the Lasik Argument to Parents           Making the Lasik Argument to Insurance Companies  Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments             Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments             An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument     Reading Aaron Friedman, All That Noise for Nothing       11  Definitional Arguments     An Overview of Arguments about Definition     The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way     Types of Definitional Arguments          Simple Categorical Arguments             Definitional Arguments     Examining Visual Arguments: Fascism Poster   The Criteria-Match Structure of Definitional Arguments             Developing the Criteria-Match Structure for a Definitional Argument   Toulmin Framework for a Definitional Argument   Kinds of Definitions             Aristotelian Definitions             Operational Definitions     Conducting the Criteria Part of a Definitional Argument             Approach 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term             Approach 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition     Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument     Writing Assignment: A Definitional Argument     Exploring Ideas     Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake  Organizing a Definitional Argument     Revising Your Draft     Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument     Readings     *Jenefer Domingo (student), Protecting Our Homes Can Lead to Animal Cruelty     Kathy Sullivan (student), Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board     *David Andriesen,  What Defines a Sport?     12  Causal Arguments     An Overview of Causal Arguments     Kinds of Causal Arguments  Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument     Examining Visual Arguments: Fast Food Spoof Ad    Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another             First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly             Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning     Three Ways of Thinking Inductively     Beware of Common Inductive Fallacies That Can Lead to Wrong Conclusions   Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments     Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument     Exploring Ideas     Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake    Organizing a Causal Argument     Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument     Readings     *Julie Christianson (student), Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong     Olivia Judson, Different but (Probably) Equal                 13  Resemblance Arguments     An Overview of Resemblance Arguments     Toulmin Framework for a Resemblance Argument     Arguments by Analogy           Using Undeveloped Analogies             Using Extended Analogies     Arguments by Precedent     Writing Assignment: A Resemblance Argument    Exploring Ideas     Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   Organizing a Resemblance Argument     Questioning and Critiquing a Resemblance Argument     Readings     Megan Matthews (student), Whales Need Silence     *Clay Bennett, Just Emancipated (editorial cartoon)     *Beth Reis, Toon Offensive    *American Association of University Professors, Football Coach Salaries      Susan Brownmiller, From Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape                 14  Evaluation and Ethical Arguments   An Overview of Evaluation Arguments     Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations     Toulmin Framework for an Evaluation Argument   Conducting a Categorical Evaluation Argument             Developing Your Criteria             Making Your Match Argument     Examining Visual Arguments: Photo of The Daily Show Cast    An Overview of Ethical Arguments             Major Ethical Systems             Consequences as the Base of Ethics          Principles as the Base of Ethics     Conducting an Ethical Argument             Constructing a Principles-Based Argument             Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument     Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments     Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument     Exploring Ideas     Organizing an Evaluation Argument     Revising Your Draft     Questioning and Critiquing an Evaluation Argument     Critiquing an Ethical Argument     Readings     Sam Isaacson (student), Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?   Tiffany Anderson (student), A Woman’s View of Hip-Hop  Mike Luckovich, The Military’s Raising the Recruitment Age (editorial cartoon)  David Holcberg, Human Organs for Sale?     15  Proposal Arguments    An Overview of Proposal Arguments     The Structure of Proposal Arguments     Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument   Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments     Developing a Proposal Argument             Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists             Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal             The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted     Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements     Examining Visual Arguments: An Advocacy Ad Using the Claim-Type Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument     Using the “Stock Issues” Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument     Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument      Exploring Ideas     Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   Organizing a Proposal Argument     Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement     Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument     Readings     Laurel Wilson (student), A Proposal to Provide Tips for Hosts at Stone’s End     *Juan Vazquez (student), Why the United States Should Adopt Nuclear Power” (MLA-style research paper)     Center for Children’s Health and the Environment, “More Kids Are Getting Brain Cancer. Why?” (advocacy advertisement)     *Donald Shoup, “Gone Parkin’”       Part 5    The Researched Argument      16  Finding and Evaluating Sources     Formulating a Research Question     Understanding Differences in the Kinds of Sources             Books versus Periodicals versus Web Sites             Scholarly Books versus Trade Books             Scholarly Journals versus Magazines             Print Sources versus Cyberspace Sources     Finding Books: Searching Your Library’s Online Catalog     Finding Articles: Searching a Licensed Database             What Is a Licensed Database?             Keyword Searching             Illustration of a Database Search     Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web             The Logic of the Internet             Using Web Search Engines             Determining Where You Are on the Web     Reading Your Sources Rhetorically             Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind             Reading with Rhetorical Awareness             Taking Effective Notes     Evaluating Sources             Angle of Vision             Degree of Advocacy             Reliability             Credibility     Understanding the Rhetoric of Web Sites            The Web as a Unique Rhetorical Environment             Analyzing the Purpose of a Site and Your Own Research Purpose             Sorting Sites by Domain Type             Evaluating a Web Site     Conclusion                               17  Using, Citing, and Documenting Sources     Using Sources for Your Own Purposes     Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags             Using Attributive Tags to Separate Your Ideas from Your Source’s             Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response    Working Sources into Your Own Prose             Summarizing             Paraphrasing             Quoting  Avoiding Plagiarism  Understanding Parenthetical Citation Systems with Bibliographies     Understanding MLA Style             The MLA Method of In-Text Citation             MLA Format for the “Works Cited” List     MLA “Works Cited” Citations     Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper     Understanding APA Style             APA Method of In-Text Citation             APA Format for the “References” List     APA “References” Citations     Conclusion     Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper     Megan Matthews (student), “Sounding the Alarm: Navy Sonar and the Survival of Whales”       Appendixes       One  Informal Fallacies     The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument     An Overview of Informal Fallacies         Fallacies of Pathos         Fallacies of Ethos         Fallacies of Logos       Two  The Writing Community: Working in Groups   From Conflict to Consensus: How to Get the Most Out of the Writing Community             Avoiding Bad Habits of Group Behavior             The Value of Group Work for Writers     Forming Writing Communities: Skills and Roles             Working in Groups of Five to Seven People             Working in Pairs     Group Project: Holding a “Norming Session” to Define “Good Argumentative Writing”     “Bloody Ice”     “RSS Should Not Provide Dorm Room Carpets”     “Sterling Hall Dorm Food”     “ROTC Courses Should Not Get College Credit”     “Legalization of Prostitution”       Part 6    An Anthology of Arguments      An Overview of the Anthology     Guide Questions for the Analysis and Evaluation of Arguments     List 1: Questions for Analyzing and Evaluating a Conversation     List 2: Questions for Rhetorically Analyzing and Evaluating an Individual Argument     List 3: Questions for Responding to a Reading and Forming Your Own Views                                         *Web 2.0 and Online Identity     *Bronwyn T. Williams, “Tomorrow Will Not Be Like Today”:Literacy and Identity in a World of Multiliteracies   *Jeff Chu, You Wanna Take This Online?    *John Seigenthaler, Sr.,  A False Wikipedia Biography   *Alice Mathias,  The Fakebook Generation    *Paul Noth, I Can’t Wait… (cartoon)  *Dana L Fleming, Youthful Indiscretions: Should Colleges Protect Social Network Users from Themselves and Others?   *Adam Sternbergh, Hey There, Lonelygirl   *The Creators, A Message from the Creators  *Yasuhide Fumoto, The Thinker, Reimagined (photograph)     *Video Games and Their Influence   *Iowa State University News Service, ISU Psychologists Publish Three New Studies on Violent Video Game Effects on Youth   *Henry Jenkins, Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked   *Malcolm Gladwell, Brain Candy: Is Pop Culture Dumbing Us Down or Smartening Us Up?  *Michael Humphrey, For a Virtual Dose of Reality, a Different Kind of Video Game   *ICED (I Can End Deportation) (video game screen capture)   *William Lugo, Violent Video Games Recruit American Youth     The News Media: Responsible Production, Responsible Consumption    William Powers,“The Massless Media”     *Yahoo! (Web page)   *Dan Kennedy, Plugged In, Tuned Out: Young Americans are Embracing New Media but Failing to Develop an Appetite for News   *Chris Shaw, Should Killers Be Given Air Time?   *Daryl Cagle, Those Terrible Virginia Tech Cartoons   Sydney H. Schanberg,Not a Pretty Picture      *Immigration in the Twenty-First Century: Accommodation and Change  *Francisco X. Gaytán, Avary Carhill, and Carola Suárez-Orozco, Understanding and *Responding to the Needs of Newcomer Immigrant Youth and Families    *Mitali Perkins, A Note to Young Immigrants   *Maileen Hamto, Being American   *Scarf Ace, Miss or Diss?  *Fatemeh Fakhraie, “Scarfing It Down” *Immigrant Youth: Changing a Nation  (Web site)   *Jay Nordlinger, Bassackwards: Construction Spanish and Other Signs of the Times     *Women in Math and Science *Linda Chavez, Harvard prez's admission: Men and women are different    *Brian McFadden, Amazing Facts About the Fairer, Yet Equal, Sex (comic strip)   *Nature Neuroscience, Separating Science from Stereotype   *Deborah Blum, Solving for X   *Steven Pinker, The Science of Difference: Sex Ed   *Ben A. Barres, Does Gender Matter?   *David Malakoff, Girls = Boys at Math     Finding Soldiers: The Volunteer Army, Recruitment, and the Draft     Donald Rumsfeld, New Model Army     Phillip Carter and Paul Glastris, The Case for the Draft      *Selective Service System,  How the Draft Has Changed (Web page)  LawrenceJ. Korb and Sean E. Duggan, An All-Volunteer Army? Recruitment and its Problems  *U.S. Department of Defense, “Heroes” (Web page)  Louis Caldera,“Military Service”     *(Army)Wife, “Stop-loss”  Matt Carmody,“I Need You” (political cartoon)       Wal-Mart and the Public Good     *Arindrajit Dube, T. William Lester, and Barry Eidlin, A Downward Push: The Impact of Wal-Mart Stores on Retail Wages and Benefits  *Dan Piraro, Bizarro, Greeter Gone Wild (political cartoon)  Robert B. Reich, Don’t Blame Wal-Mart     *Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price (movie advertisement)  Steve Maich, Why Wal-Mart Is Good      *John Tierney, Shopping for a Nobel   David Horsey,“A New World to Conquer” (political cartoon)                             *Energy: The Search for Sustainability   *Nicholas Kristof, Our Gas Guzzlers, Their Lives   *Andrew C. Revkin, Carbon-Neutral Is Hip, but Is It Green?   *Gwyneth Cravens, Better Energy   *Charles Krauthammer, Drill Locally, and Save the Planet   *David Tilman and Jason Hill, Fuel for thought: All biofuels are not created equal   *Sustainable Forestry Initiative, Two Ways to Show You Care About Our Forests  (advocacy ad)   *Iain Murray, Time to Recycle Recycling?   *Al Gore, Nobel Lecture     Biotech Agriculture and the Ethics of Food Production     Jonathan Rauch,Will Frankenfood Save the Planet?     Council for Biotechnology Information,Would It Surprise You to Know that Growing Soybeans Can Help the Environment? (advocacy ad)    Miguel A. Altieri and Peter Rosset,Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment, and Reduce Poverty in the Developing World      “Monsantoland” (poster)     Gregory A. Jaffe,“Lessen the Fear of Genetically Engineered Crops”     Froma Harrop,“Food Industry Should Modify Its Stance on Altered Food”     Sustainusa.org,“What Is the FDA Trying to Feed Us?” (poster)     Gerald D. Coleman,“Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to Hunger?”       *Argument Classics   *Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail   *Garrett Hardin, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Aid that Does Harm   *Pablo Picasso, Guernica (painting)    *Rachel Carson, The Obligation to Endure   *Stanley Milgram, The Perils of Obedience     Credits     Index     *new reading or anthology unit