TCP/IP Illustrated: The Protocols, Volume 1

“For an engineer determined to refine and secure Internet operation or to explore alternative solutions to persistent problems, the insights provided by this book will be invaluable.” —Vint Cerf, Internet pioneer TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, Second Edition, is a detailed and visual guide to today’s TCP/IP protocol suite. Fully updated for the newest innovations, it demonstrates each protocol in action through realistic examples from modern Linux, Windows, and Mac OS environments. There’s no better way to discover why TCP/IP works as it does, how it reacts to common conditions, and how to apply it in your own applications and networks. Building on the late W. Richard Stevens’ classic first edition, author Kevin R. Fall adds his cutting-edge experience as a leader in TCP/IP protocol research, updating the book to fully reflect the latest protocols and best practices. He first introduces TCP/IP’s core goals and architectural concepts, showing how they can robustly connect diverse networks and support multiple services running concurrently. Next, he carefully explains Internet addressing in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. Then, he walks through TCP/IP’s structure and function from the bottom up: from link layer protocols–such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi–through network, transport, and application layers. Fall thoroughly introduces ARP, DHCP, NAT, firewalls, ICMPv4/ICMPv6, broadcasting, multicasting, UDP, DNS, and much more. He offers extensive coverage of reliable transport and TCP, including connection management, timeout, retransmission, interactive data flow, and congestion control. Finally, he introduces the basics of security and cryptography, and illuminates the crucial modern protocols for protecting security and privacy, including EAP, IPsec, TLS, DNSSEC, and DKIM. Whatever your TCP/IP experience, this book will help you gain a deeper, more intuitive understanding of the entire protocol suite so you can build better applications and run more reliable, efficient networks.

Table of Contents:
Foreword xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii Adapted Preface to the First Edition xxxiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Architectural Principles 2 1.2 Design and Implementation 8 1.3 The Architecture and Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite 13 1.4 Internets, Intranets, and Extranets 19 1.5 Designing Applications 20 1.6 Standardization Process 22 1.7 Implementations and Software Distributions 24 1.8 Attacks Involving the Internet Architecture 25 1.9 Summary 26 1.10 References 28 Chapter 2: The Internet Address Architecture 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Expressing IP Addresses 32 2.3 Basic IP Address Structure 34 2.4 CIDR and Aggregation 46 2.5 Special-Use Addresses 50 2.6 Allocation 62 2.7 Unicast Address Assignment 65 2.8 Attacks Involving IP Addresses 70 2.9 Summary 71 2.10 References 72 Chapter 3: Link Layer 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Ethernet and the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards 80 3.3 Full Duplex, Power Save, Autonegotiation, and 802.1X Flow Control 94 3.4 Bridges and Switches 98 3.5 Wireless LANs—IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi) 111 3.6 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 130 3.7 Loopback 145 3.8 MTU and Path MTU 148 3.9 Tunneling Basics 149 3.10 Attacks on the Link Layer 154 3.11 Summary 156 3.12 References 157 Chapter 4: ARP: Address Resolution Protocol 165 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 An Example 166 4.3 ARP Cache 169 4.4 ARP Frame Format 170 4.5 ARP Examples 171 4.6 ARP Cache Timeout 174 4.7 Proxy ARP 174 4.8 Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Detection (ACD) 175 4.9 The arp Command 177 4.10 Using ARP to Set an Embedded Device’s IPv4 Address 178 4.11 Attacks Involving ARP 178 4.12 Summary 179 4.13 References 179 Chapter 5: The Internet Protocol (IP) 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 IPv4 and IPv6 Headers 183 5.3 IPv6 Extension Headers 194 5.4 IP Forwarding 208 5.5 Mobile IP 215 5.6 Host Processing of IP Datagrams 220 5.7 Attacks Involving IP 226 5.8 Summary 226 5.9 References 228 Chapter 6: System Configuration: DHCP and Autoconfiguration 233 6.1 Introduction 233 6.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 234 6.3 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 276 6.4 DHCP and DNS Interaction 285 6.5 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) 286 6.6 Attacks Involving System Configuration 292 6.7 Summary 292 6.8 References 293 Chapter 7: Firewalls and Network Address Translation (NAT) 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.2 Firewalls 300 7.3 Network Address Translation (NAT) 303 7.4 NAT Traversal 316 7.5 Configuring Packet-Filtering Firewalls and NATs 334 7.6 NAT for IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence and Transition 339 7.7 Attacks Involving Firewalls and NATs 345 7.8 Summary 346 7.9 References 347 Chapter 8: ICMPv4 and ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol 353 8.1 Introduction 353 8.2 ICMP Messages 355 8.3 ICMP Error Messages 361 8.4 ICMP Query/Informational Messages 380 8.5 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 395 8.6 Translating ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 424 8.7 Attacks Involving ICMP 428 8.8 Summary 430 8.9 References 430 Chapter 9: Broadcasting and Local Multicasting (IGMP and MLD) 435 9.1 Introduction 435 9.2 Broadcasting 436 9.3 Multicasting 441 9.4 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and Multicast Listener Discovery Protocol (MLD) 451 9.5 Attacks Involving IGMP and MLD 469 9.6 Summary 470 9.7 References 471 Chapter 10: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and IP Fragmentation 473 10.1 Introduction 473 10.2 UDP Header 474 10.3 UDP Checksum 475 10.4 Examples 478 10.5 UDP and IPv6 481 10.6 UDP-Lite 487 10.7 IP Fragmentation 488 10.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP 493 10.9 Interaction between IP Fragmentation and ARP/ND 496 10.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size 497 10.11 UDP Server Design 498 10.12 Translating UDP/IPv4 and UDP/IPv6 Datagrams 505 10.13 UDP in the Internet 506 10.14 Attacks Involving UDP and IP Fragmentation 507 10.15 Summary 508 10.16 References 508 Chapter 11: Name Resolution and the Domain Name System (DNS) 511 11.1 Introduction 511 11.2 The DNS Name Space 512 11.3 Name Servers and Zones 516 11.4 Caching 517 11.5 The DNS Protocol 518 11.6 Sort Lists, Round-Robin, and Split DNS 565 11.7 Open DNS Servers and DynDNS 567 11.8 Transparency and Extensibility 567 11.9 Translating DNS from IPv4 to IPv6 (DNS64) 568 11.10 LLMNR and mDNS 569 11.11 LDAP 570 11.12 Attacks on the DNS 571 11.13 Summary 572 11.14 References 573 Chapter 12: TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol (Preliminaries) 579 12.1 Introduction 579 12.2 Introduction to TCP 584 12.3 TCP Header and Encapsulation 587 12.4 Summary 591 12.5 References 591 Chapter 13: TCP Connection Management 595 13.1 Introduction 595 13.2 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 595 13.3 TCP Options 605 13.4 Path MTU Discovery with TCP 612 13.5 TCP State Transitions 616 13.6 Reset Segments 625 13.7 TCP Server Operation 631 13.8 Attacks Involving TCP Connection Management 640 13.9 Summary 642 13.10 References 643 Chapter 14: TCP Timeout and Retransmission 647 14.1 Introduction 647 14.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example 648 14.3 Setting the Retransmission Timeout (RTO) 651 14.4 Timer-Based Retransmission 664 14.5 Fast Retransmit 667 14.6 Retransmission with Selective Acknowledgments 671 14.7 Spurious Timeouts and Retransmissions 677 14.8 Packet Reordering and Duplication 682 14.9 Destination Metrics 685 14.10 Repacketization 686 14.11 Attacks Involving TCP Retransmission 687 14.12 Summary 688 14.13 References 689 Chapter 15: TCP Data Flow and Window Management 691 15.1 Introduction 691 15.2 Interactive Communication 692 15.3 Delayed Acknowledgments 695 15.4 Nagle Algorithm 696 15.5 Flow Control and Window Management 700 15.6 Urgent Mechanism 719 15.7 Attacks Involving Window Management 723 15.8 Summary 723 15.9 References 724 Chapter 16: TCP Congestion Control 727 16.1 Introduction 727 16.2 The Classic Algorithms 730 16.3 Evolution of the Standard Algorithms 739 16.4 Handling Spurious RTOs—the Eifel Response Algorithm 744 16.5 An Extended Example 745 16.6 Sharing Congestion State 767 16.7 TCP Friendliness 768 16.8 TCP in High-Speed Environments 770 16.9 Delay-Based Congestion Control 777 16.10 Buffer Bloat 781 16.11 Active Queue Management and ECN 782 16.12 Attacks Involving TCP Congestion Control 785 16.13 Summary 786 16.14 References 788 Chapter 17: TCP Keepalive 793 17.1 Introduction 793 17.2 Description 795 17.3 Attacks Involving TCP Keepalives 802 17.4 Summary 802 17.5 References 803 Chapter 18: Security: EAP, IPsec, TLS, DNSSEC, and DKIM 805 18.1 Introduction 805 18.2 Basic Principles of Information Security 806 18.3 Threats to Network Communication 807 18.4 Basic Cryptography and Security Mechanisms 809 18.5 Certificates, Certificate Authorities (CAs), and PKIs 821 18.6 TCP/IP Security Protocols and Layering 832 18.7 Network Access Control: 802.1X, 802.1AE, EAP, and PANA 833 18.8 Layer 3 IP Security (IPsec) 840 18.9 Transport Layer Security (TLS and DTLS) 876 18.10 DNS Security (DNSSEC) 894 18.11 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) 915 18.12 Attacks on Security Protocols 918 18.13 Summary 919 18.14 References 922 Glossary of Acronyms 933 Index 963