Systems Engineering and Analysis

For senior-level undergraduate and first and second year graduate systems engineering and related courses. Systems Engineering and Analysis, 5/e, provides a total life-cycle approach to systems and their analysis. This practical introduction to systems engineering and analysis provides the concepts, methodologies, models, and tools needed to understand and implement a total life-cycle approach to systems and their analysis. The authors focus first on the process of bringing systems into being—beginning with the identification of a need and extending that need through requirements determination, functional analysis and allocation, design synthesis, evaluation, and validation, operation and support, phase-out, and disposal. Next, the authors discuss the improvement of systems currently in being, showing that by employing the iterative process of analysis, evaluation, feedback, and modification, most systems in existence can be improved in their affordability, effectiveness, and stakeholder satisfaction.

Table of Contents:
Contents Preface xiii Part I Introduction to Systems 1 Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering 2 1.1 System Definitions and Elements 3 1.2 Classification of Systems 5 1.3 Science and Systems Science 8 1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 11 1.5 Transition to the Systems Age 13 1.6 Systems Engineering 17 1.7 Summary and Extensions 19 Questions and Problems 21 Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being 23 2.1 The Engineered System 24 2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 29 2.3 The Systems Engineering Process 33 2.4 System Design Considerations 35 2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 41 2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 46 2.7 Summary and Extensions 51 Questions and Problems 52 Part II The System Design Process 55 Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design 56 3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification 57 3.2 Advanced System Planning and Architecting 58 3.3 System Design and Feasibility Analysis 60 3.4 System Operational Requirements 61 3.5 System Maintenance and Suppor 76 3.6 Technical Performance Measures 82 3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation 86 3.8 System Trade-off Analyses 93 3.9 System Specification 95 3.10 Conceptual Design Review 95 3.11 Summary and Extensions 97 Questions and Problems 98 Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design 100 4.1 Preliminary Design Requirements 101 4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications 102 4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem) 104 4.4 Preliminary Design Criteria 112 4.5 Design Engineering Activities 114 4.6 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies 117 4.7 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition 120 4.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 123 4.9 Summary and Extensions 125 Questions and Problems 126 Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development 128 5.1 Detail Design Requirements 129 5.2 The Evolution of Detail Design 130 5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities 134 5.4 Design Tools and Aids 136 5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration 137 5.6 Development of Engineering Models 139 5.7 System Prototype Development 142 5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 142 5.9 Incorporating Design Changes 146 5.10 Summary and Extensions 147 Questions and Problems 148 Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 150 6.1 The Process of System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 151 6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 153 6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 157 6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 160 6.5 System Test, Data Collection, Reporting, and Feedback 162 6.6 Summary and Extensions 166 Questions and Problems 167 Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 169 Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 170 7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 171 7.2 Models in Decision Making 172 7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 176 7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria 181 7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 187 7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 188 7.7 Summary and Extensions 197 Questions and Problems 199 Chapter 8 Models For Economic Evaluation 204 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 205 8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 210 8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 213 8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 221 8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 223 8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 224 8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 227 8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 232 8.9 Summary and Extensions 234 Questions and Problems 234 Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 239 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 240 9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 246 9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 267 9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 272 9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 274 9.6 Summary and Extensions 283 Questions and Problems 284 Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 289 10.1 The Queuing System 290 10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 293 10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 296 10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 305 10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 308 10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 311 10.7 Summary and Extensions 318 Questions and Problems 319 Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 322 11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 323 11.2 Statistical Process Control 325 11.3 Statistical Control Charts 327 11.4 Optimum Policy Control 337 11.5 Project Control with CPM and PERT 340 11.6 Total Quality Control 350 11.7 Summary and Extensions 353 Questions and Problems 354 Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility 361 Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 362 12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 363 12.2 Measures of Reliability 364 12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 374 12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 385 12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 396 12.6 Summary and Extensions 404 Questions and Problems 404 Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 410 13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 411 13.2 Measures of Maintainability 412 13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 426 13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 429 13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 436 13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 457 13.7 Summary and Extensions 463 Questions and Problems 464 Chapter 14 Design For Usability (Human Factors) 468 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 469 14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 481 14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 482 14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 486 14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 492 14.6 Personnel Test and Evaluation 494 14.7 Summary and Extensions 494 Questions and Problems 495 Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability 497 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 498 15.2 Logistics in the System-of-Systems Environmen 503 15.3 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 503 15.4 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 507 15.5 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 526 15.6 Supportability Analysis 532 15.7 Supportability Test and Evaluation 535 15.8 Summary and Extensions 537 Questions and Problems 538 Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability 541 16.1 Introducing Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability 542 16.2 Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability in the Life Cycle 545 16.3 Measures of Producibility and Production Progress 547 16.4 Design for Producibility 552 16.5 Design for Disposability 556 16.6 Design for Sustainability 558 16.7 Life-Cycle Value-Cost Diagram 560 16.8 Summary and Extensions 562 Questions and Problems 564 Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 566 17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 567 17.2 Cost Considerations Over the System Life Cycle 570 17.3 A Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 574 17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 591 17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 616 17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 628 17.7 Summary and Extensions 630 Questions and Problems 631 Part V Systems Engineering Management 639 Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 640 18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 641 18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 643 18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 658 18.4 Summary and Extensions 671 Questions and Problems 672 Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 674 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 675 19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 676 19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 680 19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 681 19.5 Risk Management 690 19.6 Summary and Extensions 692 Questions and Problems 694 Part VI Appendices 697 Appendix A Functional Analysis 699 A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams 699 A.2 Some Examples of Application 701 Appendix B Design and Management Checklists 709 B.1 Design Review Checklist 709 B.2 Management Review Checklist 711 Appendix C Probability Theory and Analysis 715 C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 715 C.2 Probability Distribution Models 718 C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 726 Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables 729 Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 729 Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 729 Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 729 Appendix E Interest Factor Tables 737 Tables E.1 to E.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 737 Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables 746 Tables F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors 746 Appendix G Selected Bibliography 755 G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering 755 G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering 757 G.3 Software and Computer-Based Systems 757 G.4 Reliability Engineering 758 G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance 759 G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 760 G.7 Production, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance 760 G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain, Supportability, and Sustainability 761 G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management 762 G.10 Engineering Economics and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 763 G.11 Management and Supporting Areas 763 Appendix H Selected Websites 765 Index