Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks

The complete guide to timing and synchronization in advanced service provider networks and enterprise applications As networks have advanced, so has the need for precise timing and synchronization--including highly accurate phase synchronization. Without it, networks become increasingly vulnerable to outages, data loss events, and inefficiencies that can be notoriously difficult to diagnose. 5G telecom networks have especially stringent requirements, but they also apply to a growing number of enterprise applications in finance, factory automation, IoT, media, and beyond. Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks is the definitive, comprehensive guide to all aspects of timing and synchronization. Drawing on extensive experience developing and implementing timing and synchronization systems, three leading experts cover standards, protocols, clock design, architecture, solution design, deployment tradeoffs, day-to-day operations, troubleshooting, and more. This book will be valuable to professionals with diverse backgrounds, even those with no timing or synchronization experience. It will be especially useful to engineers and consultants designing or implementing mobile networks; test engineers validating equipment or production solutions; students seeking careers with service providers or in advanced private networks; and technology leaders seeking to understand the growing role of time synchronization.  Understand timing and synchronization concepts, goals, sources, and transport Explore timing applications in telecommunications and beyond Build synchronous networks with clocks, timing reference sources, time distribution, and timing signal consumption Review the role of standards development organizations in defining standards for timing and synchronization Drill down into the details of clocks, clock signals, and clock components  Review traditional TDM-based techniques for frequency synchronization Explore precision time protocol (PTP) characteristics, features, profiles, and security Master best practices for designing and deploying timing in physical and packet-based networks Thoroughly understand timing metrics and end-to-end time error budgeting  Establish accurate timing and synchronization in advanced 5G and LTE networks, including 5G New Radio and RAN environments Manage tradeoffs in synchronizing diverse cell sites, topologies, radio types, and mobile generations Verify, operate, monitor, and troubleshoot timing systems

Table of Contents:
    Foreword xxi     Introduction xxiii Part I Fundamentals of Synchronization and Timing Chapter 1 Introduction to Synchronization and Timing 1     Overview of Time Synchronization 1     What Is Synchronization and Why Is It Needed? 3     What Is Time? 10     How Can GPS Provide Timing and Synchronization? 13     Accuracy Versus Precision Versus Stability 15     Summary 16     References in This Chapter 16     Chapter 1 Acronyms Key 16     Further Reading 17 Chapter 2 Usage of Synchronization and Timing 19     Use of Synchronization in Telecommunications 20     Use of Time Synchronization in Finance, Business, and Enterprise 28     Industrial Uses of Time—Power Industry 33     Summary 34     References in This Chapter 34     Chapter 2 Acronyms Key 35 Chapter 3 Synchronization and Timing Concepts 39     Synchronous Networks Overview 40     Clocks 54     Sources of Frequency, Phase, and Time 66     Timing Distribution Network 82     Consumer of Time and Sync (the End Application) 88     Summary 89     References in This Chapter 89     Chapter 3 Acronyms Key 92     Further Reading 95 Part II SDOs, Clocks, and Timing Protocols Chapter 4 Standards Development Organizations 97     International Telecommunication Union 98     International Mobile Telecommunications 104     3rd Generation Partnership Project 106     Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 109     European Telecommunications Standards Institute 116     Internet Engineering Task Force 118     Radio Access Network 120     MEF Forum 126     Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and Audio Engineering Society 127     Summary 128     References in This Chapter 129     Chapter 4 Acronyms Key 132     Further Reading 137 Chapter 5 Clocks, Time Error, and Noise 139     Clocks 139     Time Error 154     Holdover Performance 169     Transient Response 172     Measuring Time Error 173     References in This Chapter 175     Chapter 5 Acronyms Key 175     Further Reading 177 Chapter 6 Physical Frequency Synchronization 179     Evolution of Frequency Synchronization 180     BITS and SSU 181     Clocking Hierarchy 185     Synchronous Ethernet 187     Enhanced Synchronous Ethernet 189     Clock Traceability 189     Synchronization Network Chain 197     Clock Selection Process 199     Timing Loops 201     Standardization 207     Summary 207     References in This Chapter 208     Chapter 6 Acronyms Key 209     Further Reading 211 Chapter 7 Precision Time Protocol 213     History and Overview of PTP 214     PTP Versus NTP 215     IEEE 1588-2008 (PTPv2) 216     PTP Clocks 242     Profiles 250     PTP Security 273     IEEE 1588-2019 (PTPv2.1) 275     Summary 280     References in This Chapter 280     Chapter 7 Acronyms Key 283 Part III Standards, Recommendations, and Deployment Considerations Chapter 8 ITU-T Timing Recommendations 289     Overview of the ITU 290     ITU-T Study Group 15 and Question 13 291     Reading the Recommendations 299     ITU-T Physical and TDM Timing Recommendations 299     ITU-T Recommendations for Frequency in Packet Networks 310     ITU-T Packet-Based Timing Recommendations 316     Possible Future Changes in Recommendations 340     Summary 341     References in This Chapter 341     Chapter 8 Acronyms Key 342     Further Reading 346 Chapter 9 PTP Deployment Considerations 347     Deployment and Usage 348     Factors Impacting Timing Performance 380     Parameters for Timing Performance 383     Clock Performance 401     Budgeting End-to-End Time Error 419     Network Holdover 422     Packet Network Topologies 424     Packet Transport 426     Non-Mobile Deployments 430     Summary 434     References in This Chapter 435     Chapter 9 Acronyms Key 437     Further Reading 442 Part IV Timing Requirements, Solutions, and Testing Chapter 10 Mobile Timing Requirements 443     Evolution of Cellular Networks 444     Timing Requirements for Mobility Networks 448     Timing Requirements for LTE and LTE-A 455     Evolution of the 5G Architecture 478     5G New Radio Synchronization Requirements 496     Summary 509     References in This Chapter 510     Chapter 10 Acronyms Key 512     Further Reading 517 Chapter 11 5G Timing Solutions 519     Deployment Considerations for Mobile Timing 520     Frequency-Only Deployments 535     Frequency, Phase, and Time Deployment Options 538     Midhaul and Fronthaul Timing 550     Timing Security and MACsec 556     Summary 564     References in This Chapter 565     Chapter 11 Acronyms Key 567     Further Reading 571 Chapter 12 Operating and Verifying Timing Solutions 573     Hardware and Software Solution Requirements 574     Writing a Request for Proposal 587     Testing Timing 590     Automation and Assurance 629     Troubleshooting and Field Testing 635     Summary 648     Conclusion 649     References in This Chapter 649     Chapter 12 Acronyms Key 653     Further Reading 658 9780136836254, TOC, 5/3/2021