Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN): Beyond LTE Network Architecture

This book describes the concept of a Software Defined Mobile Network (SDMN), which will impact the network architecture of current LTE (3GPP) networks. SDN will also open up new opportunities for traffic, resource and mobility management, as well as impose new challenges on network security. Therefore, the book addresses the main affected areas such as traffic, resource and mobility management, virtualized traffics transportation, network management, network security and techno economic concepts. Moreover, a complete introduction to SDN and SDMN concepts. Furthermore, the reader will be introduced to cutting-edge knowledge in areas such as network virtualization, as well as SDN concepts relevant to next generation mobile networks. Finally, by the end of the book the reader will be familiar with the feasibility and opportunities of SDMN concepts, and will be able to evaluate the limits of performance and scalability of these new technologies while applying them to mobile broadb and networks.

Table of Contents:
Editors xv Contributors xvii Foreword xxvii Ulf Ewaldsson Foreword xxix Lauri Oksanen Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxvii Abbreviations xxxix Part I Introduction 1 Overview 3 Madhusanka Liyanage, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov 1.1 Present Mobile Networks and Their Limitations 4 1.2 Software Defined Mobile Network 5 1.3 Key Benefits of SDMN 7 1.4 Conclusion 9 References 9 2 Mobile Network History 11 Brian Brown, Rob Gonzalez, and Brian Stanford 2.1 Overview 11 2.2 The Evolution of the Mobile Network 12 2.2.1 Sharing Resources 13 2.2.2 Orchestration 14 2.2.3 Scalability 15 2.3 Limitations and Challenges in Current Mobile Networks 15 2.4 Requirement in Future Mobile Networks 18 Reference 19 3 Software Defined Networking Concepts 21 Xenofon Foukas, Mahesh K. Marina, and Kimon Kontovasilis 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 SDN History and Evolution 23 3.2.1 Early History of Programmable Networks 23 3.2.2 Evolution of Programmable Networks to SDN 25 3.3 SDN Paradigm and Applications 28 3.3.1 Overview of SDN Building Blocks 28 3.3.2 SDN Switches 30 3.3.3 SDN Controllers 31 3.3.4 SDN Programming Interfaces 34 3.3.5 SDN Application Domains 37 3.3.6 Relation of SDN to Network Virtualization and Network Function Virtualization 38 3.4 Impact of SDN to Research and Industry 39 3.4.1 Overview of Standardization Activities and SDN Summits 40 3.4.2 SDN in the Industry 41 3.4.3 Future of SDN 41 References 42 4 Wireless Software Defined Networking 45 Claude Chaudet and Yoram Haddad 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 SDN for Wireless 47 4.2.1 Implementations: OpenRoads and OpenRadio 49 4.2.2 SDR versus SDN 50 4.3 Related Works 50 4.4 Wireless SDN Opportunities 51 4.4.1 Multinetwork Planning 51 4.4.2 Handovers and Off]Loading 53 4.4.3 Dead Zone Coverage 55 4.4.4 Security 55 4.4.5 CDN and Caching 56 4.5 Wireless SDN Challenges 56 4.5.1 Slice Isolation 56 4.5.2 Topology Discovery and Topology]Related Problems 56 4.5.3 Resource Evaluation and Reporting 57 4.5.4 User and Operator Preferences 57 4.5.5 Nontechnical Aspects (Governance, Regulation, Etc.) 58 4.6 Conclusion 59 References 59 5 Leveraging SDN for the 5G Networks: Trends, Prospects, and Challenges 61 Akram Hakiri and Pascal Berthou 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Evolution of the Wireless Communication toward the 5G 62 5.2.1 Evolution of the Wireless World 62 5.3 Software Defined Networks 64 5.4 NFV 65 5.5 Information]Centric Networking 67 5.6 Mobile and Wireless Networks 68 5.6.1 Mobility Management 68 5.6.2 Ubiquitous Connectivity 69 5.6.3 Mobile Clouds 70 5.7 Cooperative Cellular Networks 71 5.8 Unification of the Control Plane 73 5.8.1 Bringing Fixed–Mobile Networking Together 73 5.8.2 Creating a Concerted Convergence of Packet–Optical Networks 74 5.9 Supporting Automatic QoS Provisioning 75 5.10 Cognitive Network Management and Operation 76 5.11 Role of Satellites in the 5G Networks 77 5.12 Conclusion 79 References 79 Part II SDMN Architectures and Network Implementation 6 LTE Architecture Integration with SDN 83 Jose Costa]Requena, Raimo Kantola, Jesús Llorente Santos, Vicent Ferrer Guasch, Maël Kimmerlin, Antti Mikola and Jukka Manner 6.1 Overview 83 6.2 Restructuring Mobile Networks to SDN 84 6.2.1 LTE Network: A Starting Point 84 6.2.2 Options for Location of the SDMN Controller 86 6.2.3 Vision of SDN in LTE Networks 88 6.3 Mobile Backhaul Scaling 91 6.4 Security and Distributed FW 95 6.4.1 Customer Edge Switching 97 6.4.2 RG 97 6.5 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits 98 6.6 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits for End Users 100 6.7 Related Work and Research Questions 103 6.7.1 Research Problems 104 6.7.2 Impact 104 6.8 Conclusions 104 References 105 7 EPC in the Cloud 107 James Kempf and Kumar Balachandran 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 Origins and Evolution of SDN 108 7.1.2 NFV and Its Application 109 7.1.3 SDN and Cross]Domain Service Development 112 7.2 EPC in the Cloud Version 1.0 115 7.3 EPC in the Cloud Version 2.0? 117 7.3.1 UE Multihoming 117 7.3.2 The EPC on SDN: OpenFlow Example 119 7.4 Incorporating Mobile Services into Cross]Domain Orchestration with SP]SDN 123 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 125 References 126 8 The Controller Placement Problem in Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN) 129 Hakan Selvi, Selcan Güner, Gürkan Gür, and Fatih Alagöz 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 SDN and Mobile Networks 130 8.3 Performance Objectives for SDMN Controller Placement 132 8.3.1 Scalability 133 8.3.2 Reliability 133 8.3.3 Latency 134 8.3.4 Resilience 135 8.4 CPP 136 8.4.1 Placement of Controllers 137 8.4.2 Number of Required Controllers 143 8.4.3 CPP and Mobile Networks 145 8.5 Conclusion 146 References 147 9 Technology Evolution in Mobile Networks 149 Antti Tolonen and Sakari Luukkainen 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Generic Technology Evolution 150 9.3 Study Framework 152 9.4 Overview on Cloud Computing 153 9.5 Example Platform: OpenStack 154 9.5.1 OpenStack Design and Architecture 155 9.5.2 OpenStack Community 156 9.6 Case Analysis 156 9.6.1 Openness 157 9.6.2 Added Value 157 9.6.3 Experimentation 158 9.6.4 Complementary Technologies 158 9.6.5 Incumbent Role 159 9.6.6 Existing Market Leverage 160 9.6.7 Competence Change 160 9.6.8 Competing Technologies 160 9.6.9 System Architecture Evolution 161 9.6.10 Regulation 161 9.7 Discussion 162 9.8 Summary 164 Acknowledgments 165 References 165 Part III Traffic Transport and Network Management 10 Mobile Network Function and Service Delivery Virtualization and Orchestration 169 Peter Bosch, Alessandro Duminuco, Jeff Napper, Louis (Sam) Samuel, and Paul Polakos 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 NFV 170 10.2.1 The Functionality of the Architecture 170 10.2.2 Operation of the ETSI NFV System 174 10.2.3 Potential Migration and Deployment Paths 177 10.2.4 NFV Summary 182 10.3 SDN 182 10.4 The Mobility Use Case 183 10.5 Virtual Networking in Data Centers 185 10.6 Summary 186 References 186 11 Survey of Traffic Management in Software Defined Mobile Networks 189 Zoltán Faigl and László Bokor 11.1 Overview 189 11.2 Traffic Management in Mobile Networks 190 11.3 QoS Enforcement and Policy Control in 3G/4G Networks 191 11.3.1 QoS for EPS Bearers 193 11.3.2 QoS for Non]3GPP Access 195 11.3.3 QoS Enforcement in EPS 195 11.3.4 Policy and Charging Control in 3GPP 195 11.3.5 Policy Control Architecture 196 11.4 Traffic Management in SDMNs 198 11.4.1 Open Networking Foundation 198 11.4.2 The OF Protocol 199 11.4.3 Traffic Management and Offloading in Mobile Networks 200 11.5 ALTO in SDMNs 201 11.5.1 The ALTO Protocol 202 11.5.2 ALTO–SDN Use Case 202 11.5.3 The ALTO–SDN Architecture 204 11.5.4 Dynamic Network Information Provision 205 11.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Software Defined Networks for Mobile Application Services 209 Ram Gopal Lakshmi Narayanan 12.1 Overview 209 12.2 Overview of 3GPP Network Architecture 210 12.3 Wireless Network Architecture Evolution toward NFV and SDN 212 12.3.1 NFV in Packet Core 212 12.3.2 SDN in Packet Core 213 12.4 NFV/SDN Service Chaining 215 12.4.1 Service Chaining at Packet Core 215 12.4.2 Traffic Optimization inside Mobile Networks 217 12.4.3 Metadata Export from RAN to Packet CN 221 12.5 Open Research and Further Study 222 References 223 13 Load Balancing in Software Defined Mobile Networks 225 Ijaz Ahmad, Suneth Namal Karunarathna, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov 13.1 Introduction 225 13.1.1 Load Balancing in Wireless Networks 226 13.1.2 Mobility Load Balancing 227 13.1.3 Traffic Steering 227 13.1.4 Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Networks 227 13.1.5 Shortcomings in Current Load Balancing Technologies 227 13.2 Load Balancing in SDMN 229 13.2.1 The Need of Load Balancing in SDMN 230 13.2.2 SDN]Enabled Load Balancing 233 13.3 Future Directions and Challenges for Load Balancing Technologies 244 References 244 Part IV Res ource and Mobility Management 14 QoE Management Framework for Internet Services in SDN]Enabled Mobile Networks 249 Marcus Eckert and Thomas Martin Knoll 14.1 Overview 249 14.2 Introduction 250 14.3 State of the Art 251 14.4 QoE Framework Architecture 252 14.5 Quality Monitoring 254 14.5.1 Flow Detection and Classification 254 14.5.2 Video Quality Measurement 255 14.5.3 Video Quality Rating 255 14.5.4 Method of Validation 257 14.5.5 Location]Aware Monitoring 259 14.6 Quality Rules 259 14.7 QoE Enforcement (QEN) 260 14.8 Demonstrator 261 14.9 Summary 263 References 264 15 Software Defined Mobility Management for Mobile Internet 265 Jun Bi and You Wang 15.1 Chapter Overview 265 15.1.1 Mobility Management in the Internet 265 15.1.2 Integrating Internet Mobility Management and SDN 267 15.1.3 Chapter Organization 267 15.2 Internet Mobility and Problem Statement 268 15.2.1 Internet Mobility Overview 268 15.2.2 Problem Statement 271 15.2.3 Mobility Management Based on SDN 273 15.3 Software Defined Internet Mobility Management 274 15.3.1 Architecture Overview 274 15.3.2 An OpenFlow]Based Instantiation 275 15.3.3 Binding Cache Placement Algorithm 277 15.3.4 System Design 281 15.4 Conclusion 285 References 285 16 Mobile Virtual Network Operators: A Software Defined Mobile Network Perspective 289 M. Bala Krishna 16.1 Introduction 289 16.1.1 Features of MVNO 291 16.1.2 Functional Aspects of MVNO 292 16.1.3 Challenges of MVNO 293 16.2 Architecture of MVNO: An SDMN Perspective 294 16.2.1 Types of MVNOs 294 16.2.2 Hierarchical MVNOs 294 16.3 MNO, MVNE, and MVNA Interactions with MVNO 296 16.3.1 Potential Business Strategies between MNOs, MVNEs, and MVNOs 299 16.3.2 Performance Gain with SDN Approach 300 16.3.3 Cooperation between MNOs and MVNOs 300 16.3.4 Flexible Business Models for Heterogeneous Environments 301 16.4 MVNO Developments in 3G, 4G, and LTE 303 16.4.1 MVNO User]Centric Strategies for Mobility Support 303 16.4.2 Management Schemes for Multiple Interfaces 304 16.4.3 Enhancing Business Strategies Using SDN Approach 304 16.5 Cognitive MVNO 305 16.5.1 Cognitive Radio Management in MVNOs 305 16.5.2 Cognitive and SDN]Based Spectral Allocation Strategies in MVNO 306 16.6 MVNO Business Strategies 307 16.6.1 Services and Pricing of MVNO 308 16.6.2 Resource Negotiation and Pricing 309 16.6.3 Pushover Cellular and Service Adoption Strategy 309 16.6.4 Business Relations between the MNO and MVNO 310 16.7 Conclusions 310 16.8 Future Directions 311 References 311 Part V Security and Economic Aspects 17 Software Defined Mobile Network Security 317 Ahmed Bux Abro 17.1 Introduction 317 17.2 Evolving Threat Landscape for Mobile Networks 318 17.3 Traditional Ways to Cope with Security Threats in Mobile Networks 318 17.3.1 Introducing New Controls 318 17.3.2 Securing Perimeter 319 17.3.3 Building Complex Security Systems 320 17.3.4 Throwing More Bandwidth 320 17.4 Principles of Adequate Security for Mobile Network 320 17.4.1 Confidentiality 321 17.4.2 Integrity 321 17.4.3 Availability 321 17.4.4 Centralized Policy 321 17.4.5 Visibility 322 17.5 Typical Security Architecture for Mobile Networks 322 17.5.1 Pros 323 17.5.2 Cons 325 17.6 Enhanced Security for SDMN 325 17.6.1 Securing SDN Controller 325 17.6.2 Securing Infrastructure/Data Center 325 17.6.3 Application Security 326 17.6.4 Securing Management and Orchestration 326 17.6.5 Securing API and Communication 326 17.6.6 Security Technologies 326 17.7 SDMN Security Applications 327 17.7.1 Encryption: eNB to Network 327 17.7.2 Segmentation 327 17.7.3 Network Telemetry 329 References 329 18 Security Aspects of SDMN 331 Edgardo Montes de Oca and Wissam Mallouli 18.1 Overview 331 18.2 State of the Art and Security Challenges in SDMN Architectures 331 18.2.1 Basics 332 18.2.2 LTE]EPC Security State of the Art 332 18.2.3 SDN Security in LTE]EPC State of the Art 334 18.2.4 Related Work 339 18.3 Monitoring Techniques 344 18.3.1 DPI 347 18.3.2 NIDS 348 18.3.3 Software Defined Monitoring 349 18.4 Other Important Aspects 351 18.4.1 Reaction and Mitigation Techniques 351 18.4.2 Economically Viable Security Techniques for Mobile Networks 352 18.4.3 Secure Mobile Network Services and Security Management 353 18.5 Conclusion 354 References 355 19 SDMN: Industry Architecture Evolution Paths 357 Nan Zhang, Tapio Levä, and Heikki Hämmäinen 19.1 Introduction 357 19.2 From Current Mobile Networks to SDMN 358 19.2.1 Current Mobile Network Architecture 358 19.2.2 Evolutionary SDMN Architecture 359 19.2.3 Revolutionary SDMN Architecture 361 19.3 Business Roles of SDMN 362 19.4 Industry Architectures of Evolutionary SDMN 364 19.4.1 Monolithic MNO 364 19.4.2 Outsourced Subscriber Management 366 19.4.3 Outsourced Connectivity 368 19.5 Industry Architectures of Revolutionary SDMN 369 19.5.1 MVNO 369 19.5.2 Outsourced Interconnection 370 19.5.3 Outsourced Mobility Management 372 19.6 Discussion 372 References 374 Index 000