Separation Process Engineering: Includes Mass Transfer Analysis

The Definitive, Fully Updated Guide to Separation Process Engineering–Now with a Thorough Introduction to Mass Transfer Analysis   Separation Process Engineering, Third Edition, is the most comprehensive, accessible guide available on modern separation processes and the fundamentals of mass transfer. Phillip C. Wankat teaches each key concept through detailed, realistic examples using real data–including up-to-date simulation practice and new spreadsheet-based exercises.   Wankat thoroughly covers each of today’s leading approaches, including flash, column, and batch distillation; exact calculations and shortcut methods for multicomponent distillation; staged and packed column design; absorption; stripping; and more. In this edition, he also presents the latest design methods for liquid-liquid extraction. This edition contains the most detailed coverage available of membrane separations and of sorption separations (adsorption, chromatography, and ion exchange).   Updated with new techniques and references throughout, Separation Process Engineering, Third Edition, also contains more than 300 new homework problems, each tested in the author’s Purdue University classes.   Coverage includes Modular, up-to-date process simulation examples and homework problems, based on Aspen Plus and easily adaptable to any simulator Extensive new coverage of mass transfer and diffusion, including both Fickian and Maxwell-Stefan approaches Detailed discussions of liquid-liquid extraction, including McCabe-Thiele, triangle and computer simulation analyses; mixer-settler design; Karr columns; and related mass transfer analyses Thorough introductions to adsorption, chromatography, and ion exchange–designed to prepare students for advanced work in these areas Complete coverage of membrane separations, including gas permeation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and key applications A full chapter on economics and energy conservation in distillation Excel spreadsheets offering additional practice with problems in distillation, diffusion, mass transfer, and membrane separation  

Table of Contents:
Preface         xvii Acknowledgments         xix About the Author         xxi Nomenclature         xxiii   Chapter 1: Introduction to Separation Process Engineering         1 1.1.   Importance of Separations   1 1.2.   Concept of Equilibrium   2 1.3.   Mass Transfer   4 1.4.   Problem-Solving Methods   5 1.5.   Prerequisite Material   7 1.6.   Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering   7 1.7.   Summary–Objectives   10 References   10 Homework   11   Chapter 2: Flash Distillation         13 2.1.   Basic Method of Flash Distillation   13 2.2.   Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data   15 2.3.   Graphical Representation of Binary VLE   18 2.4.   Binary Flash Distillation   22 2.5.   Multicomponent VLE   30 2.6.   Multicomponent Flash Distillation 34 2.7.   Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence   42 2.8.   Three-Phase Flash Calculations   47 2.9.   Size Calculation   48 2.10. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums   53 2.11. Summary–Objectives   54 References   54 Homework   56 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation   67 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation   73   Chapter 3: Introduction to Column Distillation        79 3.1.   Developing a Distillation Cascade   79 3.2.   Distillation Equipment   86 3.3.   Specifications   88 3.4.   External Column Balances   91 3.5.   Summary–Objectives   95 References   95 Homework   95   Chapter 4: Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances         101 4.1.   Internal Balances   101 4.2.   Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods   105 4.3.   Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method   112 4.4.   Feed Line   116 4.5.   Complete McCabe-Thiele Method   124 4.6.   Profiles for Binary Distillation   127 4.7.   Open Steam Heating   129 4.8.   General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure   134 4.9.   Other Distillation Column Situations   140 4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions   146 4.11. Efficiencies   148 4.12. Simulation Problems   150 4.13. New Uses for Old Columns   151 4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup   153 4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods   155 4.16. Summary–Objectives   156 References   158 Homework   159 Appendix A. Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation   173 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Binary Binary Distillation   177   Chapter 5: Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation         183 5.1.   Calculational Difficulties   183 5.2.   Stage-By-Stage Calculations for Constant Molal Overflow and Constant Relative Volatility   189 5.3.   Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation   193 5.4.   Bubble-Point and Dew-Point Equilibrium Calculations   198 5.3.   Summary–Objectives   203 References   203 Homework   203 Appendix. Spreadsheet Calculations for Ternary Distillation with Constant Relative Volatility   209   Chapter 6: Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation         215 6.1.   Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation   215 6.2.   Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form   217 6.3.   Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures   220 6.4.   Temperature Convergence   221 6.5.   Energy Balances in Matrix Form   224 6.6.   Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method   227 6.7.   Discussion   229 6.8.   Summary–Objectives   230 References   230 Homework   230 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation   237   Chapter 7: Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation          243 7.1.   Total Reflux: Fenske Equation   243 7.2.   Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations   248 7.3.   Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio   253 7.4.   Summary–Objectives   257 References   257 Homework   258   Chapter 8: Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods          265 8.1.   Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators   265 8.2.   Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes   266 8.3.   Steam Distillation   275 8.4.   Two-Pressure Distillation Processes   279 8.5.   Complex Ternary Distillation Systems   281 8.6.   Extractive Distillation   290 8.7.   Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent   296 8.8.   Distillation with Chemical Reaction   300 8.9.   Summary–Objectives   303 References   304 Homework   305 Appendix. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems   321   Chapter 9: Batch Distillation          329 9.1.   Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation   331 9.2.   Simple Binary Batch Distillation   332 9.3.   Constant-Level Batch Distillation   336 9.4.   Batch Steam Distillation   337 9.5.   Multistage Batch Distillation   340 9.6.   Operating Time   344 9.7.   Summary–Objectives   346 References   347 Homework   347   Chapter 10: Staged and Packed Column Design         357 10.1.   Staged Column Equipment Description   357 10.2.   Tray Efficiencies   365 10.3.   Column Diameter Calculations   370 10.4.   Balancing Calculated Diameters   376 10.5.   Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics   378 10.6.   Valve Tray Design   386 10.7.   Introduction to Packed Column Design   388 10.8.   Packed Column Internals   388 10.9.   Height of Packing: HETP Method   390 10.10. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation   392 10.11. Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns   400 10.12. Choice of Column Type   401 10.13. Summary–Objectives   404 References   405 Homework   408 Appendix. Tray And Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator   416   Chapter 11: Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation         419 11.1.   Distillation Costs   419 11.2.   Operating Effects on Costs   425 11.3.   Changes in Plant Operating Rates   432 11.4.   Energy Conservation in Distillation   433 11.5.   Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation   437 11.6.   Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems   442 11.7.   Summary–Objectives   447 References   447 Homework   449   Chapter 12: Absorption and Stripping         455 12.1.   Absorption and Stripping Equilibria   457 12.2.   McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption   459 12.3.   Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems   462 12.4.   Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation   463 12.5.   Efficiencies   469 12.6.   McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems   470 12.7.   Column Diameter   474 12.8.   Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers   476 12.9.   Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers   478 12.10. Irreversible Absorption and Co-Current Cascades   482 12.11. Summary–Objectives   484 References   484 Homework   485 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping   494   Chapter 13: Liquid-Liquid Extraction          499 13.1.   Extraction Processes and Equipment   499 13.2.   Countercurrent Extraction   503 13.3.   Dilute Fractional Extraction   511 13.4.   Immiscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction   515 13.5.   Concentrated Immiscible Extraction   519 13.6.   Immiscible Batch Extraction   520 13.7.   Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems   522 13.8.   Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule   524 13.9.   Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems   528 13.10. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades for Partially Miscible Systems   531 13.11. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems   539 13.12. Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems   540 13.13. Extraction Computer Simulations   542 13.14. Design of Mixer-Settlers   543 13.15. Introduction to Design of Reciprocating-Plate (Karr) Columns   557 13.16. Summary–Objectives   558 References   559 Homework   561 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction   572   Chapter 14: Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction         575 14.1.   Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures   575 14.2.   Washing   576 14.3.   Leaching with Constant Flow Rates   582 14.4.   Leaching with Variable Flow Rates   584 14.5.   Supercritical Fluid Extraction   587 14.6.   Application to Other Separations   590 14.7.   Summary–Objectives   590 References   590 Homework   591   Chapter 15: Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer         599 15.1.   Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer   600 15.2.   Fickian Model of Diffusivity   602 15.3.   Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities   616 15.4.   Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems   622 15.5.   Correlations for Mass-Transfer Coefficients   628 15.6.   Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model   640 15.7.   Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer   641 15.8.   Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass-Transfer Models   655 15.9.   Summary—Objectives   655 References   656 Homework   657 Appendix. Spreadsheet for Example 15-6   661   Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction         663 16.1.   HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns   663 16.2.   Relationship of HETP and HTU   673 16.3.   Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers   675 16.4.   HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers   683 16.5.   HTU-NTU Analysis of Co-Current Absorbers   688 16.6.   Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency   690 16.7.   Mass-Transfer Analysis of Extraction   693 16.8.   Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation   708 16.9.   Summary–Objectives   712 References   713 Homework   714 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation   721   Chapter 17: Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes         725 17.1.   Membrane Separation Equipment   727 17.2.   Membrane Concepts   731 17.3.   Gas Permeation   733 17.4.   Reverse Osmosis   749 17.5.   Ultrafiltration (UF)   765 17.6.   Pervaporation (PERVAP)   771 17.7.   Bulk Flow Pattern Effects   781 17.8.   Summary–Objectives   788 References   788 Homework   790 Appendix. Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation   798   Chapter 18: Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange          805 18.1.   Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium   806 18.2.   Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography   819 18.3.   Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds   828 18.4.   Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis   851 18.6.   Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds   870 18.7.   Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems   877 18.8.   LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems   886 18.9.   Checklist for Practical Design and Operation   890 18.10. Summary–Objectives   892 References   892 Homework   895 Appendix. Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator   909   Appendix A: Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations            915 Appendix B: Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus           919 Appendix C: Unit Conversions and Physical Constants           921 Appendix D:Data Locations           923 Answers to Selected Problems           931 Index         939