RF and Microwave Circuit Design: Theory and Applications

RF and Microwave Circuit Design Provides up-to-date coverage of the fundamentals of high-frequency microwave technology, written by two leading voices in the field RF and Microwave Circuit Design: Theory and Applications is an authoritative, highly practical introduction to basic RF and microwave circuits. With an emphasis on real-world examples, the text explains how distributed circuits using microstrip and other planar transmission lines can be designed and fabricated for use in modern high-frequency passive and active circuits and sub-systems. The authors provide clear and accurate guidance on each essential aspect of circuit design, from the theory of transmission lines to the passive and active circuits that form the basis of modern high-frequency circuits and sub-systems. Assuming a basic grasp of electronic concepts, the book is organized around first principles and includes an extensive set of worked examples to guide student readers with no prior grounding in the subject of high-frequency microwave technology. Throughout the text, detailed coverage of practical design using distributed circuits demonstrates the influence of modern fabrication processes. Filling a significant gap in literature by addressing RF and microwave circuit design with a central theme of planar distributed circuits, this textbook: Provides comprehensive discussion of the foundational concepts of RF and microwave transmission lines introduced through an exploration of wave propagation along a typical transmission line Describes fabrication processes for RF and microwave circuits, including etched, thick-film, and thin-film RF circuits Covers the Smith Chart and its application in circuit design, S-parameters, Mason???s non-touching loop rule, transducer power gain, and stability Discusses the influence of noise in high-frequency circuits and low-noise amplifier design Features an introduction to the design of high-frequency planar antennas Contains supporting chapters on fabrication, circuit parameters, and measurements Includes access to a companion website with PowerPoint slides for instructors, as well as supplementary resources Perfect for senior undergraduate students and first-year graduate students in electrical engineering courses, RF and Microwave Circuit Design: Theory and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of RF and microwave professionals looking for a useful reference to refresh their understanding of fundamental concepts in the field.

Table of Contents:
Preface 1. RF Transmission lines 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Voltage, current and impedance relationships on a transmission line 1.2 Propagation constant 1.2.1 Dispersion 1.2.2 Amplitude distortion 1.3 Lossless transmission lines 1.4 Matched and mismatched transmission lines 1.5 Waves on a transmission line 1.6 The Smith chart 1.6.1 Derivation of the chart 1.6.2 Properties of the chart 1.7 Stubs 1.8 Distributed matching circuits 1.9 Manipulation of lumped impedance using the Smith chart 1.10 Lumped impedance matching 1.10.1 Matching a complex load impedance to a real source impedance 1.10.2 Matching a complex load impedance to a complex source impedance 1.11 Equivalent lumped circuit of a lossless transmission line 1.12 Supplementary problems 1.13 Appendices Appendix A1.1 Coaxial cable A1.1.1  Electromagnetic field patterns in coaxial cable A1.1.2  Essential properties of coaxial cables Appendix A1.2 Coplanar waveguide A1.2.1 Structure of coplanar waveguide (CPW) A1.2.2  Electromagnetic field distribution on a CPW line A1.2.3 Essential properties of coplanar (CPW) lines A1.2.4  Summary of key points relating to CPW lines Appendix A1.3 Metal waveguide A1.3.1  Waveguide principles A1.3.2 Waveguide propagation A1.3.3 Rectangular waveguide modes A1.3.4  The waveguide equation A1.3.5 Phase and group velocities A1.3.6  Field theory analysis of rectangular waveguides A1.3.7 Waveguide impedance A1.3.8  Higher-order rectangular waveguide modes A1.3.9  Waveguide attenuation A1.3.10  Sizes of rectangular waveguide, and waveguide designation A1.3.11 Circular waveguide Appendix A1.4 Microstrip Appendix A1.5 Equivalent lumped circuit representation of a transmission line References 2. Planar Circuit Design I: Designing using Microstrip 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Electromagnetic field distribution across a microstrip line 2.2 Effective relative permittivity,   2.3 Microstrip design graphs and CAD software 2.4 Operating frequency limitations 2.5 Skin depth 2.6 Examples of microstrip components 2.6.1 Branch-line coupler 2.6.2 Quarter-wave transformer 2.6.3 Wilkinson power divider 2.7 Microstrip coupled-line structures 2.7.1  Analysis of microstrip coupled lines 2.7.2 Microstrip directional couplers 2.7.2.1 Design of microstrip directional couplers 2.7.2.2 Directivity of microstrip directional couplers   2.7.2.3 Improvements to microstrip directional couplers  2.7.3 Examples of other common microstrip coupled-line structures   2.7.3.1 Microstrip DC break   2.7.3.2 Edge-coupled microstrip band-pass filter   2.7.3.3 Lange coupler 2.8 Summary 2.9 Supplementary problems 2.10 Appendix A2.1: Microstrip design graphs References 3. Fabrication processes for RF and microwave circuits 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review of essential materials parameters 3.2.1 Dielectrics 3.2.2 Conductors 3.3 Requirements for RF circuit materials 3.4 Fabrication of planar high-frequency circuits 3.4.1 Etched circuits 3.4.2 Thick-film circuits (direct screen printed) 3.4.3 Thick-film circuits (using photoimageable materials) 3.4.4 LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) circuits 3.4.5 Use of ink jet technology 3.5 Characterization of materials for RF and microwave circuits 3.5.1 Measurement of dielectric loss and dielectric constant  3.5.1.1 Cavity resonators  3.5.1.2 Dielectric characterization by cavity perturbation  3.5.1.3 Use of  the split post dielectric resonator (SPDR)  3.5.1.4 Open-resonator 3.5.1.5 Free-space transmission measurements 3.5.2 Measurement of planar line properties   3.5.2.1 The microstrip resonant ring  3.5.2.2 Non-resonant lines 3.5.3 Physical properties of microstrip lines 3.6 Supplementary problems references 4. Planar Circuit Design II:  Refinements to basic designs 4.1 Introduction 4.2  Discontinuities in microstrip 4.2.1 Open-end effect 4.2.2 Step width 4.2.3 Corners 4.2.4 Gaps 4.2.5 T-junctions 4.3 Microstrip enclosures 4.4  Packaged lumped-element passive components 4.4.1 Typical packages for RF passive components 4.4.2 Lumped-element resistors 4.4.3 Lumped-element capacitors 4.4.4 Lumped-element inductors 4.5  Miniature planar components 4.5.1 Spiral inductors 4.5.2 Loop inductors 4.5.3 Interdigitated capacitors 4.5.4 MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors 4.6 Appendix 4.1: Insertion loss due to a microstrip gap References 5. S-parameters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 S-parameter definitions 5.3 Signal flow graphs 5.4 Mason’s non-touching loop rule 5.5 Reflection coefficient of a 2-port network 5.6 Power gains of two-port networks 5.7 Stability 5.8 Supplementary Problems   5.9 Appendix A5.1  Relationships between network parameters      A5.1.1 Transmission parameters (ABCD parameters)  A5.1.2 Admittance parameters (Y-parameters)  A5.1.3 Impedance parameters (Z-parameters) References 6. Microwave Ferrites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic properties of ferrite materials 6.2.1 Ferrite materials 6.2.2 Precession in ferrite materials 6.2.3 Permeability tensor 6.2.4 Faraday rotation 6.3 Ferrites in metallic waveguide 6.3.1 Resonance isolator  6.3.2 Field displacement isolator  6.3.3 Waveguide circulator 6.4 Ferrites in planar circuits 6.4.1 Planar circulators  6.4.2 Edge-guided-mode propagation  6.4.3 Edge-guided-mode isolator  6.4.4 Phase shifters 6.5 Self-biased ferrites 6.6 Supplementary problems References 7. Measurements 7.1 Introduction 7.2 RF and Microwave connectors 7.2.1 Maintenance of connectors 7.2.2 Connecting to planar circuits    7.3 Microwave vector network analyzers 7.3.1 Description and configuration 7.3.2 Error models representing a VNA 7.3.3 Calibration of a VNA 7.4 On-wafer measurements 7.5 Summary   References 8. RF Filters 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Review of filter responses 8.3 Filter parameters 8.4 Design strategy for RF and microwave filters 8.5 Multi-element low-pass filter 8.6 Practical filter responses 8.7 Butterworth (or maximally-flat) response  8.7.1 Butterworth low-pass filter 8.7.3 Butterworth band-pass filter 8.7.3 Butterworth band-pass filter 8.8 Chebyshev (equal ripple) response 8.9 Microstrip low-pass filter, using stepped impedances 8.10 Microstrip low-pass filter, using stubs 8.11     Microstrip edge-coupled band-pass filters   8.12      Microstrip end-coupled band-pass filters 8.13      Practical points associated with filter design 8.14      Summary 8.15   Supplementary problems 8.16 Appendix A8.1 Equivalent lumped T-network representation of a transmission line References 9. Microwave Small-Signal Amplifiers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Conditions for matching 9.3 Distributed (microstrip) matching networks 9.4 DC biasing circuits 9.5 Microwave transistor packages 9.6 Typical hybrid amplifier 9.7 DC finger breaks 9.8 Constant gain circles 9.9 Stability circles 9.10  Noise circles 9.11 Low-noise amplifier design 9.12  Simultaneous conjugate match 9.13 Broadband matching 9.14 Summary 9.15 Supplementary problems References 10. Switches and Phase Shifters 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Switches  10.2.1 PIN diodes  10.2.2 FETs (Field Effect Transistors)  10.2.3 MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems)  10.2.4 IPCS (Inline Phase Change Switch) devices 10.3 Digital phase shifters  10.3.1 Switched-path phase shifter  10.3.2 Loaded-line phase shifter  10.3.3 Reflection-type phase shifter  10.3.4 Schiffman 90 phase shifter  10.3.5 Single switch phase shifter 10.4 Supplementary problems References 11. Oscillators 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Criteria for oscillation in a feedback circuit 11.3 RF (transistor) oscillators 11.3.1 Colpitts oscillator 11.3.2 Hartley Oscillator 11.3.3 Clapp-Gouriet Oscillator   11.4 Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 11.5 Crystal-controlled oscillators 11.5.1 Crystals  11.5.2 Crystal-controlled oscillators 11.6 Frequency synthesizers 11.6.1 The phase-locked loop 11.6.1.1 Principle of a phase-locked loop   11.6.1.2 Main components of a phase-locked loop   11.6.1.3 Gain of a phase-locked loop   11.6.1.4 Transient analysis of a phase-locked loop 11.6.2 Indirect frequency synthesizer circuits  11.7 Microwave oscillators 11.7.1 Dielectric resonator oscillator  11.7.2 Delay line stabilized oscillator  11.7.3 Diode oscillators   11.7.3.1 Gunn diode oscillator   11.7.3.2 IMPATT diode oscillator 11.8 Oscillator noise 11.9 Measurement of oscillator noise 11.10 Supplementary problems References 12. RF and Microwave Antennas 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Antenna parameters 12.3 Spherical polar coordinates 12.4 Radiation from a Hertzian dipole 12.4.1 Basic principles  12.4.2 Gain of a Hertzian dipole 12.5 Radiation from a half-wave dipole  12.5.1 Basic principles  12.5.2 Gain of a half-wave dipole  12.5.3 Summary of the properties of a half-wave dipole 12.6 Antenna arrays 12.7 Mutual impedance 12.8 Arrays containing parasitic elements 12.9 Yagi-Uda array 12.10 Log-periodic array 12.11 Loop antenna 12.12 Planar antennas 12.12.1 Linearly polarized patch antennas 12.12.2 Circularly polarized planar antennas  12.13  Horn antennas 12.14 Parabolic reflector antennas 12.15 Slot radiators 12.16 Supplementary problems 12.17 Appendix:  Microstrip design graphs for substrates with r = 2.3 References 13. Power Amplifiers and Distributed Amplifiers 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Power amplifiers  13.2.1 Overview of power amplifier parameters   13.2.1.1  Power gain  13.2.1.2  Power added efficiency (PAE)   13.2.1.3 Input and output impedances  13.2.2 Distortion   13.2.2.1 Gain compression   13.2.2.2 Third-order intercept point 13.2.3 Linearization 13.2.3.1 Pre-distortion 13.2.3.2 Negative feedback 13.2.3.3 Feedforward   13.2.4 Power combining 13.2.5 Doherty amplifier 13.3 Load matching of power amplifiers 13.4 Distributed amplifiers  13.4.1 Description and principle of operation  13.4.2 Analysis 13.5 Developments in materials and packaging for power amplifiers References 14. Receivers and Sub-Systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Receiver noise sources 14.2.1 Thermal noise 14.2.2 Semiconductor noise 14.3 Noise measures 14.3.1 Noise figure (F) 14.3.2 Noise temperature (Te) 14.4 Noise figure of cascaded networks 14.5 Antenna noise temperature 14.6 System noise temperature 14.7 Noise figure of a matched attenuator 14.8 Superhet receiver 14.8.1 Single-conversion superhet receiver 14.8.2 Image frequency  14.8.3 Key figures-of-merit for a superhet receiver  14.8.4 Double-conversion superhet receiver 14.8.5  Noise budget graph for a superhet receiver 14.9 Mixers  14.9.1 Basic mixer principles  14.9.2 Mixer parameters  14.9.3 Active and passive mixers  14.9.4 Single-ended diode mixer  14.9.5 Single balanced mixer  14.9.6 Double balanced mixer  14.9.7 Active FET mixers 14.10 Supplementary problems 14.11 Appendices  Appendix A14.1 Error function table  Appendix A14.2 Measurement of noise figure References Answers to selected supplementary problems