A Primer on Experiments with Mixtures

The concise yet authoritative presentation of key techniques for basic mixtures experiments Inspired by the author's bestselling advanced book on the topic, A Primer on Experiments with Mixtures provides an introductory presentation of the key principles behind experimenting with mixtures. Outlining useful techniques through an applied approach with examples from real research situations, the book supplies a comprehensive discussion of how to design and set up basic mixture experiments, then analyze the data and draw inferences from results. Drawing from his extensive experience teaching the topic at various levels, the author presents the mixture experiments in an easy-to-follow manner that is void of unnecessary formulas and theory. Succinct presentations explore key methods and techniques for carrying out basic mixture experiments, including: Designs and models for exploring the entire simplex factor space, with coverage of simplex-lattice and simplex-centroid designs, canonical polynomials, the plotting of individual residuals, and axial designs Multiple constraints on the component proportions in the form of lower and/or upper bounds, introducing L-Pseudocomponents, multicomponent constraints, and multiple lattice designs for major and minor component classifications Techniques for analyzing mixture data such as model reduction and screening components, as well as additional topics such as measuring the leverage of certain design points Models containing ratios of the components, Cox's mixture polynomials, and the fitting of a slack variable model A review of least squares and the analysis of variance for fitting data Each chapter concludes with a summary and appendices with details on the technical aspects of the material. Throughout the book, exercise sets with selected answers allow readers to test their comprehension of the material, and References and Recommended Reading sections outline further resources for study of the presented topics. A Primer on Experiments with Mixtures is an excellent book for one-semester courses on mixture designs and can also serve as a supplement for design of experiments courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a suitable reference for practitioners and researchers who have an interest in experiments with mixtures and would like to learn more about the related mixture designs and models.

Table of Contents:
Preface ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Original Mixture Problem 2 1.2 A Pesticide Example Involving Two Chemicals 2 1.3 General Remarks About Response Surface Methods 9 1.4 An Historical Perspective 13 References and Recommended Reading 17 Questions 17 Appendix 1A: Testing for Nonlinear Blending of the Two Chemicals Vendex and Kelthane While Measuring the Average Percent Mortality (APM) of Mites 20 2. The Original Mixture Problem: Designs and Models for Exploring the Entire Simplex Factor Space 23 2.1 The Simplex-Lattice Designs 23 2.2 The Canonical Polynomials 26 2.3 The Polynomial Coefficients as Functions of the Responses at the Points of the Lattices 31 2.4 Estimating The Parameters in the {q,m} Polynomials 34 2.5 Properties of the Estimate of the Response, ŷ(x) 37 2.6 A Three-Component Yarn Example Using A {3 2} Simplex-Lattice Design 38 2.7 The Analysis of Variance Table 42 2.8 Analysis of Variance Calculations of the Yarn Elongation Data 45 2.9 The Plotting of Individual Residuals 48 2.10 Testing the Degree of the Fitted Model: A Quadratic Model or Planar Model? 49 2.11 Testing Model Lack of Fit Using Extra Points and Replicated Observations 55 2.12 The Simplex-Centroid Design and Associated Polynomial Model 58 2.13 An Application of a Four-Component Simplex-Centroid Design: Blending Chemical Pesticides for Control of Mites 60 2.14 Axial Designs 62 2.15 Comments on a Comparison Made Between an Augmented Simplex-Centroid Design and a Full Cubic Lattice for Three Components Where Each Design Contains Ten Points 66 2.16 Reparameterizing Scheffé’s Mixture Models to Contain a Constant (β0) Term: A Numerical Example 69 2.17 Questions to Consider at the Planning Stages of a Mixture Experiment 77 2.18 Summary 78 References and Recommended Reading 78 Questions 80 Appendix 2A: Least-Squares Estimation Formula for the Polynomial Coefficients and Their Variances: Matrix Notation 85 Appendix 2B: Cubic and Quartic Polynomials and Formulas for the Estimates of the Coefficients 90 Appendix 2C: The Partitioning of the Sources in the Analysis of Variance Table When Fitting the Scheffé Mixture Models 91 3. Multiple Constraints on the Component Proportions 95 3.1 Lower-Bound Restrictions on Some or All of the Component Proportions 95 3.2 Introducing L-Pseudocomponents 97 3.3 A Numerical Example of Fitting an L-Pseudocomponent Model 99 3.4 Upper-Bound Restrictions on Some or All Component Proportions 101 3.5 An Example of the Placing of an Upper Bound on a Single Component: The Formulation of a Tropical Beverage 103 3.6 Introducing U-Pseudocomponents 107 3.7 The Placing of Both Upper and Lower Bounds on the Component Proportions 112 3.8 Formulas for Enumerating the Number of Extreme Vertices, Edges, and Two-Dimensional Faces of the Constrained Region 119 3.9 McLean and Anderson’s Algorithm for Calculating the Coordinates of the Extreme Vertices of a Constrained Region 123 3.10 Multicomponent Constraints 128 3.11 Some Examples of Designs for Constrained Mixture Regions: CONVRT and CONAEV Programs 131 3.12 Multiple Lattices for Major and Minor Component Classifications 138 Summary 154 References and Recommended Reading 155 Questions 157 4. The Analysis of Mixture Data 159 4.1 Techniques Used in the Analysis of Mixture Data 160 4.2 Test Statistics for Testing the Usefulness of the Terms in the Scheffé Polynomials 163 4.3 Model Reduction 170 4.4 An Example of Reducing the System from Three to Two Components 173 4.5 Screening Components 175 4.6 Other Techniques Used to Measure Component Effects 179 4.7 Leverage and the Hat Matrix 190 4.8 A Three-Component Propellant Example 192 4.9 Summary 195 References and Recommended Reading 196 Questions 197 5. Other Mixture Model Forms 201 5.1 The Inclusion of Inverse Terms in the Scheffé Polynomials 201 5.2 Fitting Gasoline Octane Numbers Using Inverse Terms in the Model 204 5.3 An Alternative Model Form for Modeling the Additive Blending Effect of One Component in a Multicomponent System 205 5.4 A Biological Example on the Linear Effect of a Powder Pesticide in Combination with Two Liquid Pesticides Used for Suppressing Mite Population Numbers 212 5.5 The Use of Ratios of Components 215 5.6 Cox’s Mixture Polynomials: Measuring Component Effects 219 5.7 An Example Illustrating the Fits of Cox’s Model and Scheffé’s Polynomial 224 5.8 Fitting a Slack-Variable Model 229 5.9 A Numerical Example Illustrating the Fits of Different Reduced Slack-Variable Models: Tint Strength of a House Paint 233 5.10 Summary 239 References and Recommended Reading 240 Questions 242 6. The Inclusion of Process Variables in Mixture Experiments 247 6.1 Designs Consisting of Simplex-Lattices and Factorial Arrangements 249 6.2 Measuring the Effects of Cooking Temperature and Cooking Time on the Texture of Patties Made from Two Types of Fish 251 6.3 Mixture-Amount Experiments 256 6.4 Determining the Optimal Fertilizer Blend and Rate for Young Citrus Trees 262 6.5 A Numerical Example of the Fit of a Combined Model to Data Collected on Fractions of the Fish Patty Experimental Design 269 6.6 Questions Raised and Recommendations Made When Fitting a Combined Model Containing Mixture Components and Other Variables 272 6.7 Summary 277 References and Recommended Reading 278 Questions 280 Appendix 6A: Calculating the Estimated Combined Mixture Component–Process Variable Model of Eq. (6.10) Without the Computer 282 7. A Review of Least Squares and the Analysis of Variance 285 7.1 A Review of Least Squares 285 7.2 The Analysis of Variance 288 7.3 A Numerical Example: Modeling the Texture of Fish Patties 289 7.4 The Adjusted Multiple Correlation Coefficient 293 7.5 The Press Statistic and Studentized Residuals 293 7.6 Testing Hypotheses About the Form of the Model: Tests of Significance 295 References and Recommended Reading 298 Bibliography 299 Answers to Selected Questions 317 Appendix 337 Index 347