Handbook of Noninvasive Methods and the Skin

This handbook covers the field of noninvasive biophysical methods in clinical and experimental dermatology. It is the result of a coordinated effort by some of the most prominent experts in the field. Structured to provide both educational and practical information, its value to both young researchers and senior scientists is unparalleled. All the major methods systematically cover scope, sources of error, application, and validity. Additional chapters provide research methodology and legal and ethical aspects.

Table of Contents:
Methodology and Techniques Noninvasive Methodologies in General Perspectives on Bioengineering of the Skin, A.M. Kligman Relevance, Comparison, and Validation of Techniques, G.E. Piérard Variables and Study Design Prescription for a Bioengineering Study: Strategy, Standards, and Definitions, J. Serup The Skin Integument: Variation Relative to Sex, Age, Race, and Body Region, N. Farinelli and E. Berardesca Seasonal Variations and Environmental Influences on the Skin, C.L. Goh Technical Variation, Validation, and Statistics Statistical Analysis of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of a Diagnostic Test, N. Lange and M.A. Weinstock Sample Size Calculation, C. Bay and S. Møller Epidermal Structure Skin Surface Microscopy Magnifying Lens-Noninvasive Oil Immersion Examination of the Skin, H.I. Katz and J.S. Lindholm Dermatoscopy, W. Westerhof Skin Replication for Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, B. Forslind Skin Surface Contour Evaluation Stylus Method for Skin Surface Contour Measurement, J. Gassmüller, A. Kecskes, and P. Jahn Skin Surface Replica Image Analysis of Furrows and Wrinkles, P. Corcuff and J.L. Lévêque Laser Profilometry, J. Efsen, H.N. Hansen, S. Christiansen, and J. Keiding Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Skin Surface: Micro- and Macro-Relief, J. Mignot Skin Surface Biopsy and the Follicular Cast, R.P.R. Dawber Ultrasound Examination of the Epidermis High-Resolution Ultrasound Examination of the Epidermis, S. el-Gammal, T. Auer, K. Hoffmann, P. Altmeyer, C. Passmann, and H. Ermert Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Epidermis In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Examination of the Epidermis In Vivo, B. Querleux Epidermal Functions Desquamation Methods to Determine Desquamation Rate, C. Edwards and R. Marks Sticky Slides and Tape Techniques to Harvest Stratum Corneum Material, D.L. Miller Dry Skin and Scaling Evaluated by D-Squames and Image Analysis, H. Schatz, P.J. Altmeyer, and A.M. Kligman Epidermal Hydration Measurement of Electrical Conductance and Impedance, H. Tagami Measurement of Epidermal Capacitance, A.O. Barel and P. Clarys Epidermal Barrier Functions Measurement of the Transepidermal Water Loss, J. Pinnagoda and R. Tupker Comparison of Methods for Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss, A.O. Barel and P. Clarys Measurement of Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension, H. Takiwaki Measurement of Transcutaneous PCO2, C.N. Nickelsen Noninvasive Techniques for Assessment of Skin Penetration and Bioavailability, R.C. Wester and H.I. Maibach The Skin Surface Microflora and pH Sampling the Bacteria of the Skin, E.A. Eady Mapping the Fungi of the Skin, J. Faergemann Measurement of Skin Surface pH, A. Zlotogorski and S. Dikstein Structure of the Dermis Dermatologic Digital Imaging Overview of Dermatologic Digital Imaging, D.A. Perednia Ultrasound Examination of the Dermis High-Frequency Ultrasound Examination of Skin: Introduction and Guide, J. Serup, J. Keiding, A. Fullerton, M. Gniadecka, and R. Gniadecki Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging and In Vivo Structure Analysis, S. Seidenari Skin Diseases in High-Frequency Sonography, K. Hoffmann, A. Röchling, M. Stücker, K. Dirting, S. el-Gammal, A. Hoffmann, and P. Altmeyer Ultrasound of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues at 7.5-10MHz by Low Frequency Ultrasound, B. Fornage Ultrasound A-Mode Measurement of Skin Thickness, T. Agner Skin Thickness: Caliper Measurement and Typical Values, A.D. Martin Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Dermis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Skin, A. Zemtsov Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Examination of Skin Disorders, S. el-Gammal, R. Hartwig, S. Aygen, T. Bauermann, K. Hoffmann, and P. Altmeyer Function of the Dermis Mechanical Properties of the Skin Twistometry Measurement of Skin Elasticity, P.G. Agache Suction Method: The Dermaflex, M. Gniadecka and J. Serup Suction Method: The Cutometer, A.O. Barel Identification of Langer's Lines, J.C. Barbenel Levarometry, V. Manny-Aframian and S. Dikstein The Gas-Bearing Electrodynamometer, C.W. Hargens Ballistometry, C.W. Hargens The Cutaneous Vasculature Visualization of Blood Vessels Dynamic Capillaroscopy-A Sensitive Noninvasive Method for the Diagnosis of Conditions with Pathological Microcirculation, H.S. Yu, C.H. Chang, G.S. Chen, and S.A. Yang Measurement of Erythema and Skin Color Spectrophotometric Characterization of Skin Pigments and Skin Color, P. Bjerring Measurement of Erythema and Melanin Indices, H. Takiwaki and J. Serup CIE Colorimetry, W. Westerhof Cutaneous Blood Flow, Vasomotion, and Vascular Functions Laser Doppler Measurement of Skin Blood Flux: Variation and Validation, A. Bircher Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Principles of Technology and Clinical Applications, G. Belcaro and A.N. Nicolaides Examination of Periodic Fluctuations in Cutaneous Blood Flow, R. Gniadecki, M. Gniadecka, and J. Serup Laser Doppler Imaging of Skin, K. Wårdell and G. Nilsson The 133Xe Wash-Out Technique for Quantitative Measurement of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Blood Flow Rates, P. Sejrsen Doppler and Duplex Scanning in Venous Disease, G. Belcaro and A.N. Nicolaides Photoplethysmography and Light Reflection Reography: Clinical Applications in Venous Insufficiency, G. Belcaro, D. Christopoulos, and A.N. Nicolaides Strain Gauge Plethysmography, N.A. Lassen and P. Holstein Air Plethysmography, D. Christopoulos Skin Temperature and Thermoregulation Thermal Imaging of Skin Temperature, E.F.J. Ring Lymph Flow Evaluation of Lymph Flow, P. Mortimer Neural Supply Sensory Function Assessment of Skin Sensibility, P. Bjerring Sweat Glands Sweat Gland Distribution Techniques for the Localization of Sweat Glands, P. Dykes Sweat Gland Activity Methods for the Collection of Eccrine Sweat, J.H. Barth Methods for the Collection of Apocrine Sweat, J.H. Barth Sebaceous Glands Distribution and Follicular Morphology The Follicular Biopsy, O. Mills Sebum Excretion Sebu-Absorbent Tape and Image Analysis, C. Popp, S. el-Gammal, A. Pagnoni, A.M. Kligman Gravimetric Technique for Measuring Sebum Excretion Rate, W.J. Cunliffe and J.P. Taylor Hair Physical Properties of Hair Hair Color, R.P.R. Dawber Measurement of the Mechanical Strength of Hair, R.R. Wickett Hair Growth Measurement of Hair Growth, J.H. Barth and D.H. Rushton Microscopy of the Hair-The Trichogram, U. Blume and C.E. Orfanos Nails Nail Thickness and Structure Measurement of Nail Plate Thickness, G. Jemec Nail Growth Measurement of Longitudinal Nail Growth, J.S. Roth and R.K. Scher Clinical Evaluation and Quantification Clinical Scoring and Grading Standard Schemes to Assess Skin Diseases, R.A. Logan Clinical Grading of Experimental Skin Reactions, T. Agner Evaluation of Lesional Extension Measurement of Area of Skin Pathologies, S. Sarin Experimental Test Procedures Standard Testing of Skin Reactivity Irritant Patch Test Techniques, P. Frosch and B. Pilz Allergic Patch Test Techniques, T. Fischer Type I Allergy Skin Tests, L.J. Petersen Ultraviolet Radiation Dosimetry, B. L. Diffey Phototesting: Phototoxicity and Photoallergy, T. Horio Special Experimental Techniques Skin Chamber Techniques, B. Zweiman Skin Microdialysis, L.J. Petersen Legal and Ethical Aspects of Noninvasive Techniques Regulatory Aspects FDA and EC Regulations Related to Skin. Documentation and Measuring Devices, E. Seidenschnur Ethical Aspects Ethical Considerations, P. Sohl and G. Jemec Clinical Aspects Good Clinical Practice, E. Hvidberg