Handbook of Marine Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology

The Handbook of Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology describes the biological, biotechnological and the industrial applications of seaweeds. Vast research into the cultivation of seaweeds is currently being undertaken but there is a lack of methodological strategies in place to develop novel drugs from these sources. This book aims to rectify this situation, providing an important review of recent advances and potential new applications for macroalgae. Focusing on the chemical and structural nature of seaweeds the book brings the potentially valuable bioactive nature to the fore. Novel compounds isolated from seaweeds are reviewed to provide an invaluable reference for anyone working in the field.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Editor xxiii PART I Introduction to Algae and Their Importance 1 Biological Importance of Marine Algae 3 Ali A. El Gamal 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds) 4 Acknowledgment 27 References 27 2 Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans 36 Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty and Amit Kumar Banerjee 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Need for marine resources 36 2.3 Various marine resources 36 2.4 Producers in the marine environment 37 2.5 Emergent plants 37 2.6 Seaweed diversity 37 2.7 Uses of seaweeds 37 2.8 Marine farming: global scenario 39 2.9 SEAPURA: an EU effort 39 2.10 Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario 40 2.11 Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds 41 2.12 Future prospects 42 2.13 Conclusion 43 References 43 3 Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta 45 Rajrupa Ghosh, Kakoli Banerjee and Abhijit Mitra 3.1 Seaweeds: an overview 45 3.2 Commercial uses of seaweeds 46 3.3 Indian scenario 46 3.4 Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans 51 References 55 4 Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories 58 Nathalie Bourgougnon and Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Exploitation of marine algal resources 60 4.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds? 64 4.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities 64 4.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities 68 4.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense 73 4.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy 81 4.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae 82 4.9 Conclusion 89 Acknowledgments 89 References 90 5 Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides 106 Jesús M. Mercado 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Light absorption 107 5.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 5.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition 110 5.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides? 111 5.6 Conclusions 111 Acknowledgments 112 References 112 6 Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds 116 Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro, Elena Peña-V´azquez and Pilar Bermejo-Barrera 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Mineral content in seaweed 117 6.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds 117 6.5 Chemical speciation 154 References 164 PART II Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds 7 Chemical Composition of Seaweeds 173 Ladislava Mišurcová 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Various components of seaweeds 174 7.3 Conclusion 186 References 186 8 Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast 193 Anna O. Barabanova and Irina M. Yermak 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East 196 8.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle 197 8.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C. pinnulatus and T. crinitus 200 References 201 9 Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric 205 Sivalingam Thambidurai 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Textile materials 205 9.3 Antimicrobial agents 208 9.4 Seaweeds 211 9.5 Extraction and characterization 212 9.6 Antibacterial finishing 216 9.7 Permanent finish 217 Acknowledgments 217 References 218 10 Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds 221 You-Jin Jeon, W.A.J.P Wijesinghe and Se-Kwon Kim 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds 222 10.3 Role of cell wall degrading enzymes 222 10.4 Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds 222 10.5 Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions 222 10.6 Bioactive peptides from seaweeds 223 10.7 Conclusions 226 References 226 11 Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans 229 Vitor H. Pomin 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Phylogenetic distribution 230 11.3 Common methods for extraction and structural analyses 230 11.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence 239 11.5 Industrial applications 242 11.6 Pharmacological properties 247 11.6.7 Effects on cellular growth, migration and adhesion 254 11.7 Major conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 12 Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds 262 Jing Hu, Bin Yang, Xiuping Lin, Xue-Feng Zhou, Xian-Wen Yang, and Yonghong Liu 12.1 Introduction 262 12.2 Chemical constituents 263 12.3 Conclusions 280 References 281 13 Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination 285 Ladislava Mišurcová 13.1 Digestibility 285 13.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment 287 13.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products 291 13.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility 295 13.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility 296 13.6 Conclusion 297 References 297 14 Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding 302 Thanh T. Ngu and Martin J. Stillman 14.1 Introduction 302 14.2 Characterization of the rfMT 303 14.3 Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques 304 14.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques 306 14.5 Conclusions 315 Acknowledgments 315 References 315 PART III Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds 15 In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid 321 Yoshimi Niwano and Fumiaki Beppu 15.1 Introduction 321 15.2 In vivo oral toxicity study 321 15.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study 324 15.4 Conclusion 327 References 327 16 Brown Seaweed Lipids as Potential Source of Omega-3 PUFA in Biological Systems 329 Kazuo Miyashita, Bhaskar Narayan, Takayuki Tsukui, Hiroyuki Kamogawa, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa 16.1 Introduction 329 16.2 Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA 330 16.3 Importance of omega-3 PUFA on human health 331 16.4 Brown seaweed lipids 332 16.5 Bioconversion of LN to DHA 333 16.6 Hepatic DHA enhancement in mice by fucoxanthin 333 16.7 Conclusion 335 References 335 17 Immune Regulatory Effects of Phlorotannins Derived From Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) 340 Phuong Hong Nguyen, il-Whan Choi, Se-Kwon Kim and Won-Kyo Jung 17.1 Introduction 340 17.2 Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins on RAW264.7 macrophage cells 343 17.3 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins on BV2 microglial cells 344 17.4 Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins 344 17.5 Conclusion 346 Acknowledgments 346 References 346 18 In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Seaweed Compounds 348 Raquel Dom´ınguez Gonzalez, Vanessa Romaris Hortas and Pilar Bermejo Barrera 18.1 Introduction 348 18.2 Methods to study compound bioaccessibility 349 18.3 In vivo versus in vitro methods 352 18.4 Methods with cell culture models 352 18.5 Conclusions 352 References 352 19 Brown Seaweed-Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals and Their Biological Activities for Functional Food Ingredients with Focus on Ascophyllum nodosum 356 Emmanouil Apostolidis and Chong M. Lee 19.1 Introduction: seaweed-derived functional food ingredients 356 19.2 Major commercial brown seaweeds 357 19.3 Brown seaweeds and phenolic phytochemicals 359 19.4 Ascophyllum nodosum: importance and health benefits 361 19.5 Conclusions 365 References 366 20 Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Effects of Seaweeds 371 Chang-Suk Kong and Se-Kwon Kim 20.1 Introduction 371 20.2 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of seaweed 372 20.3 Conclusions 375 References 375 21 Health Beneficial Aspects of Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Marine Brown Algae 378 Noel Vinay Thomas and Se-Kwon Kim 21.1 Introduction 378 21.2 Phloroglucinol derivatives (phlorotannins) from marine brown algae 378 21.3 Health beneficial aspects of brown algal phlorotannins 381 21.4 Conclusions and future prospects 385 References 385 22 Biological Effects of Proteins Extracted from Marine Algae 387 Taek-Jeong Nam 22.1 Introduction 387 22.2 Stimulatory effect of a glycoprotein from LAMINARIA Japonica on cell proliferation 387 22.3 Chemoprotective effect of marine algae extracts against acetaminophen toxicity 389 References 396 23 Functional Ingredients from Marine Algae as Potential Antioxidants in the Food Industry 398 Isuru Wijesekara, Mahinda Senevirathne, Yong-Xin Li and Se-Kwon Kim 23.1 Introduction 398 23.2 Marine algae-derived functional ingredients and their antioxidant effect 399 23.3 Conclusion 401 References 401 24 Algal Carotenoids as Potent Antioxidants 403 Kazuo Miyashita, M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa 24.1 Introduction 403 24.2 Algal carotenoids 404 24.3 Carotenoids as dietary antioxidants 405 24.4 Brown seaweeds as rich source of antioxidants 406 24.5 Antioxidant activity of algal carotenoids 408 24.6 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effect of fucoxanthin 409 24.7 Conclusion 410 References 410 PART IV Biotechnology of Seaweeds 25 Anti-HIV Activities of Marine Macroalgae 417 Thanh-Sang Vo, Dai-Hung Ngo and Se-Kwon Kim 25.1 Introduction 417 25.2 Potential anti-HIV agents from marine macroalgae 417 25.3 Conclusion 421 References 421 26 Biotechnology of Seaweeds: Facing the Coming Decade 424 Lin Hanzhi, Qin Song and Jiang Peng 26.1 Introduction 424 26.2 Biotechnology of seaweeds in ‘blue farming’ 424 26.3 Biotechnology of seaweeds in the chemical industry and pharmacy 425 26.4 Biotechnology of seaweeds in a changing world: their role in bioremediation and bioenergy 426 Acknowledgment 427 References 427 27 Current Trends and Future Prospects of Biotechnological Interventions Through Plant Tissue Culture in Seaweeds 431 Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed and Rosna Mat Taha 27.1 Introduction 431 27.2 Explants, sterilization and methods used in seaweed production 432 27.3 Micropropagation of seaweeds 434 27.4 Callus and cell suspension culture in seaweed production 435 27.5 Bioprocess technology and cell culture in seaweed production 436 27.6 Remarks and conclusion 438 References 438 28 Detoxification Mechanisms of Heavy Metals by Algal–Bacteria Consortia 441 Enrique J. Peña-Salamanca, Ana Lucia Rengifo-Gallego and Neyla Benitez-Campo 28.1 Introduction 441 28.2 Mechanisms used by algae in heavy metals tolerance and removal 442 28.3 Algal–bacterial mechanisms involved in heavy metal detoxification 444 28.4 Algal–bacteria consortia in the red alga Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) 445 28.5 Biological treatment of heavy metals 446 28.6 Biotechnological applications 447 28.7 Conclusions and future remarks 448 References 448 PART V Natural Resource Management and Industrial Applications of Seaweeds 29 Manufacturing Technology of Bioenergy Using Algae 453 Gyung-Soo Kim 29.1 Introduction 453 29.2 Bioethanol types and characteristics 453 29.3 Foreign and domestic bioethanol industries and technologies 454 29.4 Algal biomass characteristics 455 29.5 Red algae bioethanol production technology 455 29.6 Future technology outlook 459 Acknowledgments 459 References 459 30 Seaweed as an Adsorbent to Treat Cr(VI)-Contaminated Wastewater 461 Saroj Sundar Baral 30.1 Importance of chromium 461 30.2 Harmful effects of Cr(VI) 461 30.3 Different methods of treatment 462 30.4 Case study on adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using seaweed Hydrilla verticillata 465 References 475 31 Using the Biomass of Seaweeds in the Production of Components of Feed and Fertilizers 478 Katarzyna Chojnacka 31.1 Introduction 478 31.2 Seaweeds in fertilizers 478 31.3 Seaweeds in feeds for animals 481 31.4 Using the biomass of seaweeds enriched with microelements by biosorpion in nutrition of plants and animals 484 31.5 Conclusions 486 Acknowledgments 487 References 487 32 Applications of Seaweed in Meat-Based Functional Foods 491 Susana Cofrades, In´es López-López and Francisco Jiménez-Colmenero 32.1 Introduction 491 32.2 Meat-based functional foods 491 32.3 Seaweed as a functional food ingredient in meat products 492 32.4 Conclusions 495 Acknowledgment 496 References 496 33 Industrial Applications of Macroalgae 500 A. Malshani Samaraweera, Janak K. Vidanarachchi and Maheshika S. Kurukulasuriya 33.1 Introduction 500 33.2 Composition of seaweeds 500 33.3 Seaweeds as vegetables: their nutritive value 503 33.4 Applications as functional foods 505 33.5 Application of seaweeds as antioxidants in the food industry 506 33.6 Industrial applications of phycocolloids 508 33.7 Biomedical applications 510 33.8 Macroalgal-derived cosmeceuticals 513 33.9 Applications in agriculture 514 33.10 Applications in pollution detection and control 515 33.11 Utilization of macroalgae for energy production 515 33.12 Conclusions 516 References 516 34 Application of Seaweeds in the Food Industry 522 Cristina García Sartal, María Carmen Barciela Alonso and Pilar Bermejo Barrera 34.1 Introduction 522 34.2 Compounds extracted from algae of interest to the human nutrition industry 522 34.3 Animal feeding 527 34.4 Fertilizers 528 34.5 Conclusion 529 References 529 35 A Dimensional Investigation on Seaweeds: Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications 532 Sudha Narayanan Parapurath, Hebsibah Elsie Bernard, Dhanarajan Malli Subramaniamc and Ramya Ramamurthy 35.1 Introduction 532 35.2 Biomedical applications of seaweeds 534 35.3 Industrial applications of seaweeds 537 35.4 Conclusion 538 Acknowledgment 538 References 538 36 Seaweed Polysaccharides – Food Applications 541 Vazhiyil Venugopal Menon 36.1 Introduction 541 36.2 Major functions of polysaccharides in a food system 541 36.3 Interactions of polysaccharides with food components 542 36.4 Major food applications of polysaccharides 542 36.5 Regulatory and commercial aspects 551 References 552 Index 557