Foundations of Dual Language Instruction, The

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. The Foundations of Dual Language Instruction is a practical, comprehensive, objective look at dual language instruction and the social, political, historical, and educational issues of teaching second language learners in today’s diverse classrooms. With its emphasis on English language learners, the book provides descriptions of effective programs and instructional strategies that can be used in the classroom, and includes sections on the history and legal underpinnings of schooling in two languages, language policy in the U.S. and around the world, considerations of changing demographics and implications for educators, and the dynamics of culture in schooling.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 — National Unity and Diversity and the Languages We Speak Introduction Key Questions Changing Demographics       Immigration       Immigration: A Historical Perspective       Other Demographic Factors       Implications for Teachers A Changing National Narrative       Unity, Diversity and Language       Language Parochialism       Language Elitism       Language Restrictionism Implications for Schooling       Restrictions on Bilingual Programs       Outcomes Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 2 — Historical and International Perspectives on Language Education Introduction Key Questions Historical Perspectives       The Ancient World       The Modern World Dual Language Instruction in the United States: A History       The Nineteenth Century       The Twentieth Century       Multilingualism in the U.S.: Looking Forward Language Planning, Language Policy and Schooling       Language Suppression       Language Revitalization Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources     Chapter 3 — Aspects of Language Introduction Key Questions The Study of Language What Is Language? Subsystems of Language       The Phonological System       The Morphological System       Syntax       Semantics       Pragmatics       Other Aspects of Communication       Implications for Teachers Language Attitudes       Are Some Languages Better Than Others?       Are Some Languages More Expressive Than Others? Language Varieties       Standard       Dialect       Pidgins and Creoles       Register       Is It Slang? More Than One Language       What Is Bilingualism?       Code-Switching Bilingualism: A Handicap or a Talent?       The Ebonics Debate Language Loss Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 4 — Language Development Introduction Key Questions First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing?       Rule Finding First language Development and Comprehensible Input       Child-Directed Speech       The Social and Cultural Contexts of Language Acquisition       Input Modification       Order of Acquisition       Children as Sociolinguists Second Language Acquisition       The Effect of Age       The Effect of Personality       The Social Factors Integrative Models of Second Language Acquisition       The Acquisition-Learning Distinction       Language Learners and Language Speakers Interact Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 5 — Dual Language Program Models Introduction Key Questions What Is a Program Model? Transitional Program Models       What Is the Goal of a Transitional Program?       Transitional Programs: A Lot Better Than Nothing Maintenance and Enrichment Programs Immersion Programs       The Results of Immersion: The Canadian Experience       Immersion Programs in the United States Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools Bilingual Teachers Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 6 — Primary Language Instruction for English Learners Introduction A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction       Transfer of Concepts and Skills       How Does Transfer Work?       Primary Language Development and Second Language Acquisition       Students Need to Develop CALP       Effects of Bilingualism on Achievement       Primary Language Instruction and Self-Concept Overall, What Does the Research Indicate? If Primary Language Instruction, Then How?       Separation of Languages       Concurrent Translation       Preview-Review Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 7 — Second Language Instruction Introduction Key Questions A Note About Terminology Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction             The Search for Alternative Approaches Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction       The Audiolingual Approach       Other Recent Approaches Modifying Instruction for Second Language Learners       Academic Language       Linking Language to Content: A Rationale       Linking Language to Content: How? Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Literacy and Biliteracy       What is Literacy?       Biliteracy       How Can Teachers Support Biliteracy?       Literacy and the Second Language Learner       How Can Schools Promote Biliteracy? Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 8 — Assessment and English Learners Introduction Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues       Reliability       Validity       Content Bias       Can You Eliminate Content Bias Using Translation?       Construct Bias       Procedure       Norming Language Proficiency       What is Language Proficiency?       Models of Language Proficiency       Academic Language Proficiency       How is Language Proficiency Assessed?       Standards-based Language Proficiency Assessment       The Need for Multidimensional Approaches to Assessment Standardized Achievement Testing Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 9 — Legal Foundations of Dual Language Instruction Introduction Key Questions The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond       World War II and Foreign Language Instruction       World War II and Civil Rights       Brown v. the Board of Education (1954) Who Governs Education? Federal Involvement in Education       The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII)       Discretionary Funding       Title VII and Policy       Lau v.Nichols (1974)       Interpretation of Lau       Effects of Lau       Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974       No Child Left Behind       NCLB Funding       NCLB Pros and Cons State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 10 — Aspects of Culture Introduction What Is Culture? What Are the Key Characteristics of Culture?       Culture is Dynamic       Culture is Creative       Culture is Continuous       Culture is Learned       Culture is Shared       Culture is a Struggle for Survival How Is Culture Manifested?       Clothing and Decoration       Housing       Time Orientation       Spatial Orientation Culture and Language What is Multicultural Education? What is the Connection Between Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education? Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources   Chapter 11 — Culture, Schooling and Achievement Introduction Key Questions Explaining the Achievement Gap: Four Approaches       Genetic Inferiority       Cultural Deficit       Cultural Mismatch       Contextual Interaction       Status, Power and School Success       Contextual Interaction as a Solution to Differential Achievement What Teachers Can Do Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources