A First Course in Causal Inference

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of interest in research and education in causal inference, due to its wide applications in biomedical research, social sciences, artificial intelligence etc. This textbook, based on the author's course on causal inference at UC Berkeley taught over the past seven years, only requires basic knowledge of probability theory, statistical inference, and linear and logistic regressions. It assumes minimal knowledge of causal inference, and reviews basic probability and statistics in the appendix. It covers causal inference from a statistical perspective and includes examples and applications from biostatistics and econometrics. Key Features: All R code and data sets available at Harvard Dataverse. Solutions manual available for instructors. Includes over 100 exercises. This book is suitable for an advanced undergraduate or graduate-level course on causal inference, or postgraduate and PhD-level course in statistics and biostatistics departments.

Table of Contents:
Preface Part 1: Introduction 1. Correlation, Association, and the Yule–Simpson Paradox 2. Potential Outcomes Part 2: Randomized experiments 3. The Completely Randomized Experiment and the Fisher Randomization Test 4. Neymanian Repeated Sampling Inference in Completely Randomized Experiments 5. Stratification and Post-Stratification in Randomized Experiments 6. Rerandomization and Regression Adjustment 7. Matched-Pairs Experiment 8. Unification of the Fisherian and Neymanian Inferences in Randomized Experiments 9. Bridging Finite and Super Population Causal Inference Part 3: Observational studies 10. Observational Studies, Selection Bias, and Nonparametric Identification of Causal Effects 11. The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects 12. The Doubly Robust or the Augmented Inverse Propensity Score Weighting Estimator for the Average Causal Effect 13. The Average Causal Effect on the Treated Units and Other Estimands 14. Using the Propensity Score in Regressions for Causal Effects 15. Matching in Observational Studies Part 4: Difficulties and challenges of observational studies 16. Difficulties of Unconfoundedness in Observational Studies for Causal Effects 17. E-Value: Evidence for Causation in Observational Studies with Unmeasured Confounding 18. Sensitivity Analysis for the Average Causal Effect with Unmeasured Confounding 19. Rosenbaum-Style p-Values for Matched Observational Studies with Unmeasured Confounding 20. Overlap in Observational Studies: Difficulties and Opportunities Part 5: Instrumental variables 21. An Experimental Perspective of the Instrumental Variable 22. Disentangle Mixture Distributions and Instrumental Variable Inequalities 23. An Econometric Perspective of the Instrumental Variable 24. Application of the Instrumental Variable Method: Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity 25. Application of the Instrumental Variable Method: Mendelian Randomization Part 6: Causal Mechanisms with Post-Treatment Variables 26. Principal Stratification 27. Mediation Analysis: Natural Direct and Indirect Effects 28. Controlled Direct Effect 29. Time-Varying Treatment and Confounding Part 7: Appendices A. Probability and Statistics B. Linear and Logistic Regressions C. Some Useful Lemmas for Simple Random Sampling From a Finite Population