Essentials of Oceanography: International Edition

For introductory courses in Oceanography.   "How do the oceans work?" To help students find the answers, Trujillo and Thurman present in-depth and rigorous discussions of oceanographic concepts and demystify the science for the non-science student. Their systems approach highlights the interdisciplinary relationship between oceanographic phenomena and how those phenomena affect other Earth systems. Scientific information from geology, chemistry, physics, and biology is incorporated to illustrate how each of these disciplines relates to the ocean. This unique combination of rigor and accessibility has made Essentials of Oceanography the best-selling brief book – and one of the best-sellers, period – on the market.

Table of Contents:
Introduction I.1 What Is Oceanography? I.2 How Are Earth’s Oceans Unique? I.3 What Is Rational Use of Technology?   Chapter 1 — Introduction to Planet "Earth" 1.1 How Many Oceans Exist On Earth?     The Four Principal Oceans, Plus One     The Seven Seas?     Comparing the Oceans to the Continents 1.2 How Was Early Exploration of the Oceans Achieved?     Early History     The Middle Ages     The Age of Discovery in Europe     The Beginning of Voyaging for Science     History of Oceanography…To Be Continued 1.3 What Is the Nature of Scientific Inquiry?     Observations     Hypothesis     Testing     Theory     Theories and the Truth 1.4 How Were Earth and the Solar System Created?     The Nebular Hypothesis     Protoearth     Density and Density Stratification     Earth’s Internal Structure 1.5 How Were Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans Created?      Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere      Origin of Earth’s Oceans 1.6 Did Life Begin in the Oceans?     The Importance of Oxygen to Life     Stanley Miller’s Experiment     Evolution and Natural Selection     Plants and Animals Evolve 1.7 How Old Is Earth?      Radiometric Age Dating      The Geologic Time Scale   Chapter 2 — Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor 2.1 What Evidence Supports Continental Drift?     Fit of the Continents     Matching Sequences of Rocks and Mountain Chains     Glacial Ages and Other Climate Evidence     Distribution of Organisms     Objections to the Continental Drift Model 2.2 What Evidence Supports Plate Tectonics?     Earth’s Magnetic Field and Paleomagnetism     Sea Floor Spreading and Features of the Ocean Basins     Other Evidence from the Ocean Basins     The Acceptance of a Theory 2.3 What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries?     Divergent Boundary Features     Convergent Boundary Features     Transform Boundary Features 2.4 Testing the Model: What Are Some Applications of Plate Tectonics?     Hotspots and Mantle Plumes     Seamounts and Tablemounts     Coral Reef Development     Detecting Plate Motion with Satellites 2.5 How Has Earth Changed in the Past…And How Will it Look in the Future?     The Past: Paleogeography     The Future: Some Bold Predictions 2.6 Plate Tectonics…To Be Continued   Chapter 3 — Marine Provinces 3.1 What Techniques Are Used to Determine Ocean Bathymetry?     Soundings     Echo Soundings     Seismic Reflection Profiles 3.2 What Does Earth’s Hypsographic Curve Reveal? 3.3 What Features Exist on Continental Margins?     Passive versus Active Continental Margins     Continental Shelf     Continental Slope     Submarine Canyons and Turbidity Currents 3.4 What Features Exist in the Deep-Ocean Basins?     Abyssal Plains     Volcanic Peaks of the Abyssal Plains     Ocean Trenches and Volcanic Arcs 3.5 What Features Exist along the Mid-Ocean Ridge?     Volcanic Features     Hydrothermal Vents     Fracture Zones and Transform Faults   Chapter 4 — Marine Sediments   4.1 What Is Lithogenous Sediment?     Origin     Composition     Sediment Texture     Distribution 4.2 What Is Biogenous Sediment?     Origin     Composition     Distribution 4.3 What Is Hydrogenous Sediment?     Origin     Composition and Distribution 4.4 What Is Cosmogenous Sediment? Origin, Composition, and Distribution 4.5 What Mixtures of Sediment Exist? 4.6 A Summary: How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?      Neritic Deposits      Pelagic Deposits      How Sea Floor Sediments Represent Surface Conditions      Worldwide Thickness of Marine Sediments 4.7 What Events Are Revealed by Sea Floor Sediments? 4.8 What Resources Do Ocean Sediments Provide?     Energy Resources     Other Resources   Chapter 5 — Water and Seawater 5.1 Why Does Water Have Such Unusual Chemical Properties?     Atomic Structure     The Water Molecule 5.2 What Other Important Properties Does Water Possess?     Water’s Thermal Properties     Water Density 5.3 How Salty Is Seawater?     Salinity     Determining Salinity     Comparing Pure Water and Seawater 5.4 Why Does Seawater Salinity Vary?     Salinity Variations     Processes Affecting Seawater Salinity     Dissolved Components Added and Removed from Seawater 5.5 Is Seawater Acidic or Basic?     The pH Scale     The Carbonate Buffering System     Recent Increase in Ocean Acidity 5.6 How Does Seawater Salinity Vary at the Surface and with Depth?     Surface Salinity Variation     Salinity Variation with Depth     Halocline 5.7 How Does Seawater Density Vary with Depth?     Factors Affecting Seawater Density     Density Variation with Depth     Pycnocline and Thermocline 5.8 What Methods Are Used to Desalinate Seawater?      Distillation      Membrane Processes      Other Methods of Desalination   Chapter 6 — Air-Sea Interaction 6.1 What Causes Earth’s Seasons? 6.2 How Does Uneven Solar Heating Affect Earth?     Distribution of Solar Energy     Oceanic Heat Flow 6.3 What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess?      Composition      Temperature      Density      Water Vapor Content      Pressure      Movement      An Example: A Nonspinning Earth 6.4 How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects?     Example 1: Perspectives and Frames of Reference on a Merry-Go-Round     Example 2: A Tale of Two Missiles     Changes in the Coriolis Effect with Latitude 6.5 What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist?     Circulation Cells     Pressure     Wind Belts     Boundaries     Circulation Cells: Idealized or Real? 6.6 What Weather and Climate Patterns Does the Ocean Exhibit?      Weather versus Climate     Winds     Storms and Fronts     Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)     The Ocean’s Climate Patterns 6.7 How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form?      Formation of Sea Ice      Formation of Icebergs 6.8 What Causes the Atmosphere’s Greenhouse Effect?     Earth’s Heat Budget and Changes in Wavelength     Which Gases Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?     What Changes Will Occur as a Result of Increased Global Warming?     What Should Be Done To Reduce Greenhouse Gases? 6.9 Can Power from Wind Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?   Chapter 7 — Ocean Circulation 7.1 How Are Ocean Currents Measured?      Surface Current Measurement      Deep Current Measurement 7.2 How Are Ocean Surface Currents Organized?     Origin of Surface Currents     Main Components of Ocean Surface Circulation     Other Factors Affecting Ocean Surface Circulation     Ocean Currents and Climate 7.3 What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling?     Diverging Surface Water     Converging Surface Water     Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling     Other Causes of Upwelling 7.4 What Are the Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean?     Antarctic Circulation     Atlantic Ocean Circulation     Indian Ocean Circulation     Pacific Ocean Circulation 7.5 What Deep-Ocean Currents Exist?     Origin of Thermohaline Circulation     Sources of Deep Water     Worldwide Deep-Water Circulation 7.6 Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?   Chapter 8 — Waves and Water Dynamics 8.1 What Causes Waves? 8.2 How Do Waves Move? 8.3 What Characteristics Do Waves Possess?     Wave Terminology     Circular Orbital Motion     Deep-Water Waves     Shallow-Water Waves     Transitional Waves 8.4 How Do Wind-Generated Waves Develop?     Wave Development     Interference Patterns 8.5 How Do Waves Change in the Surf Zone?     Physical Changes as Waves Approach Shore     Breakers and Surfing     Wave Refraction     Wave Reflection 8.6 How Are Tsunami Created?     Coastal Effects     Some Examples of Historic and Recent Tsunami     Tsunami Warning System 8.7 Can Power from Waves Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?      LIMPET 500: An Example of a Wave Power Plant      Global Coastal Wave Energy Resources   Chapter 9 — Tides 9.1 What Causes the Tides?     Tide-Generating Forces     Tidal Bulges: The Moon's Effect     Tidal Bulges: The Sun's Effect     Earth’s Rotation and the Tides 9.2 How Do Tides Vary During a Monthly Tidal Cycle?     The Monthly Tidal Cycle     Complicating Factors     Idealized Tide Prediction 9.3 What Do Tides Really Look Like in the Ocean?      Amphidromic Points and Cotidal Lines      Effect of the Continents      Other Considerations 9.4 What Types of Tidal Patterns Exist?      Diurnal Tidal Pattern      Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern      Mixed Tidal Pattern 9.5 What Tidal Phenomena Occur in Coastal Regions?     An Example of Tidal Extremes: The Bay of Fundy     Coastal Tidal Currents     Whirlpools: Fact or Fiction? 9.6 Can Tidal Power Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?      Tidal Power Plants   Chapter 10 — The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes 10.1 How Are Coastal Regions Defined?     Beach Terminology     Beach Composition 10.2 How Does Sand Move on the Beach?      Movement Perpendicular to Shoreline      Movement Parallel to Shoreline 10.3 What Features Exist along Erosional and Depositional Shores?     Features of Erosional Shores     Features of Depositional Shores 10.4 How Do Changes in Sea Level Produce Emerging and Submerging Shorelines?     Features of Emerging Shorelines     Features of Submerging Shorelines     Changes in Sea Level 10.5 What Characteristics Do U.S. Coasts Exhibit?     The Atlantic Coast     The Gulf Coast     The Pacific Coast 10.6 What Is Hard Stabilization?      Groins and Groin Fields      Jetties      Breakwaters      Seawalls 10.7 What Alternatives to Hard Stabilization Exist?      Construction Restrictions      Beach Replenishment      Relocation   Chapter 11 — The Coastal Ocean 11.1 What Laws Govern Ocean Ownership?      Mare Liberum and the Territorial Sea      Law of the Sea 11.2 What Characteristics Do Coastal Waters Exhibit?     Salinity     Temperature     Coastal Geostrophic Currents 11.3 What Types of Coastal Waters Exist?      Estuaries      Coastal Wetlands      Lagoons      Marginal Seas 11.4 What Is Pollution?     Marine Pollution: A Definition     Standard Laboratory Bioassay     The Issue of Waste Disposal in the Ocean 11.5 What Are the Main Types of Marine Pollution?     Petroleum     Sewage Sludge     DDT and PCBs     Mercury and Minamata Disease     Non-Point-Source Pollution and Trash     Chapter 12 —Marine Life and the Marine Environment 12.1 What Are Living Things and How Are They Classified?      A Working Definition of Life      The Three Domains of Life      The Five Kingdoms of Organisms      Taxonomic Classification 12.2 How Are Marine Organisms Classified?     Plankton (Floaters)     Nekton (Swimmers)     Benthos (Bottom Dwellers) 12.3 How Many Marine Species Exist?      Why Are There So Few Marine Species?      Species in Pelagic and Benthic Environments 12.4 How Are Marine Organisms Adapted for the Physical Conditions of the Ocean?     Need for Physical Support     Water’s Viscosity     Temperature     Salinity     Dissolved Gases     Water’s High Transparency     Pressure 12.5 What Are the Main Divisions of the Marine Environment?     Pelagic (Open Sea) Environment     Benthic (Sea Bottom) Environment       Chapter 13 — Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer 13.1 What Is Primary Productivity?     Measurement of Primary Productivity     Factors Affecting Primary Productivity     Light Transmission in Ocean Water     Why Are the Margins of the Oceans So Rich in Life? 13.2 What Kinds of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist?     Seed-Bearing Plants (Anthophyta)     Macroscopic (Large) Algae     Microscopic (Small) Algae     Photosynthetic Bacteria 13.3 How Does Regional Primary Productivity Vary?     Productivity in Polar Oceans     Productivity in Tropical Oceans     Productivity in Temperate Oceans     Comparing Regional Productivity 13.4 How Are Energy and Nutrients Passed Along in Marine Ecosystems?      Flow of Energy in Marine Ecosystems      Flow of Nutrients in Marine Ecosystems 13.5 What Oceanic Feeding Relationships Exist?      Feeding Strategies      Trophic Levels      Transfer Efficiency      Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Biomass Pyramid      Symbiosis 13.6 What Issues Affect Marine Fisheries?     Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries     Overfishing     Incidental Catch     Fisheries Management     Seafood Choices   Chapter 14 — Animals of the Pelagic Environment 14.1 How Are Marine Organisms Able to Stay above the Ocean Floor?     Use of Gas Containers     Ability to Float     Ability to Swim     The Diversity of Planktonic Animals 14.2 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess for Seeking Prey?     Mobility: Lungers versus Cruisers     Swimming Speed     Cold-Blooded versus Warm-Blooded Organisms     Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton 14.3 What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess to Avoid Being Prey?     Schooling     Other Adaptations 14.4 What Characteristics Do Marine Mammals Possess?     Mammalian Characteristics     Order Carnivora     Order Sirenia     Order Cetacea 14.5 An Example of Migration: Why Do Gray Whales Migrate?      Migration Route      Reasons for Migration      Timing of Migration      Gray Whales as Endangered Species   Chapter 15 — Animals of the Benthic Environment 15.1 How Are Benthic Organisms Distributed? 15.2 What Communities Exist along Rocky Shores?     Intertidal Zonation     The Spray (Supratidal) Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations     The High Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations     The Middle Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations     The Low Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations 15.3 What Communities Exist along Sediment-Covered Shores?     Physical Environment of the Sediment     Intertidal Zonation     Sandy Beaches: Organisms and Their Adaptations     Mud Flats: Organisms and Their Adaptations 15.4 What Communities Exist on the Shallow Offshore Ocean Floor?     Rocky Bottoms (Subtidal): Organisms and Their Adaptations     Coral Reefs: Organisms and Their Adaptations 15.5 What Communities Exist on the Deep-Ocean Floor?     The Physical Environment     Food Sources and Species Diversity     Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations     Low-Temperature Seep Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations     The Deep Biosphere   Afterword A.1 What Are Marine Protected Areas? A.2 What Can I Do?   Appendixes I    Metric and English Units Compared II   Geographic Locations III  Latitude and Longitude on Earth IV   A Chemical Background: Why Water Has 2 H’s and 1 O V    Careers in Oceanography   Glossary   Credits and Acknowledgements   Index