Cyber Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing: Concepts, Techniques, Applications and Case Studies

The book contains several new concepts, techniques, applications and case studies for cyber securities in parallel and distributed computing The main objective of this book is to explore the concept of cybersecurity in parallel and distributed computing along with recent research developments in the field. Also included are various real-time/offline applications and case studies in the fields of engineering and computer science and the modern tools and technologies used. Information concerning various topics relating to cybersecurity technologies is organized within the sixteen chapters of this book. Some of the important topics covered include: Research and solutions for the problem of hidden image detection Security aspects of data mining and possible solution techniques A comparative analysis of various methods used in e-commerce security and how to perform secure payment transactions in an efficient manner Blockchain technology and how it is crucial to the security industry Security for the Internet of Things Security issues and challenges in distributed computing security such as heterogeneous computing, cloud computing, fog computing, etc. Demonstrates the administration task issue in unified cloud situations as a multi-target enhancement issue in light of security Explores the concepts of cybercrime and cybersecurity and presents the statistical impact it is having on organizations Security policies and mechanisms, various categories of attacks (e.g., denial-of-service), global security architecture, along with distribution of security mechanisms Security issues in the healthcare sector with existing solutions and emerging threats.

Table of Contents:
List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii Part 1 Cybersecurity Concept 1 Introduction on Cybersecurity 3 Ishaani Priyadarshini 1.1 Introduction to Cybersecurity 5 1.2 Cybersecurity Objectives 6 1.3 Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Internet Architecture (NIST) 8 1.4 Cybersecurity Roles 10 1.5 Cybercrimes 17 1.5.1 Overview 17 1.5.2 Traditional Computer Crime and Contemporary Computer Crime 18 1.5.3 Combating Crimes 21 1.6 Security Models 23 1.7 Computer Forensics 25 1.8 Cyber Insurance 27 1.8.1 Digital Citizenship 29 1.8.2 Information Warfare and its Countermeasures 31 1.8.3 Network Neutrality 33 1.8.4 Good Practices and Policies 34 1.8.5 Cybersecurity and Human Rights 35 1.9 Future of Cybersecurity 36 1.10 Conclusion 36 References 37 2 Steganography and Steganalysis 39 Ho Thi Huong Thom, Nguyen Kim Anh 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Steganography 41 2.2.1 Method for Evaluating Hidden Information Schema Security 41 2.2.2 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio 42 2.3 Steganalysis 42 2.3.1 Blind Detection Based on LSB 43 2.3.2 Constraint Steganalysis 45 2.4 Conclusion 46 References 46 3 Security Threats and Vulnerabilities in E-business 51 Satya Narayan Tripathy, Sisira Kumar Kapat, Susanta Kumar Das 3.1 Introduction to e-Business 52 3.1.1 Benefits of e-Business 52 3.1.2 Business Revolution 53 3.2 Security Issues in e-Business 54 3.2.1 Vulnerabilities 54 3.2.2 Security Attacks 55 3.2.3 Malware as a Threat 55 3.3 Common Vulnerabilities in e-Business 55 3.3.1 Phishing 55 3.3.2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 56 3.4 Threats in e-Business 56 3.4.1 Ransomware 56 3.4.2 Spyware 56 3.4.3 Worms 57 3.4.4 Trojan Horse 57 3.5 Prevention Mechanism 57 3.6 Conclusion 58 References 58 4 e-Commerce Security: Threats, Issues, and Methods 61 Prerna Sharma, Deepak Gupta, Ashish Khanna 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Literature Review 63 4.3 e-Commerce 63 4.3.1 Characteristics of e-Commerce Technology 63 4.3.2 Architectural Framework of e-Commerce 64 4.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Commerce 66 4.4 Security Overview in e-Commerce 67 4.4.1 Purpose of Security in e-Commerce 67 4.4.2 Security Element at Different Levels of e-Commerce System 67 4.5 Security Issues in e-Commerce 68 4.5.1 Client Level 68 4.5.2 Front-End Servers and Software Application Level 68 4.5.3 Network and Server Level 68 4.6 Security Threats in e-Commerce 69 4.7 Security Approaches in e-Commerce 72 4.8 Comparative Analysis of Various Security Threats in e-Commerce 73 4.9 e-Commerce Security Life-Cycle Model 73 4.10 Conclusion 75 References 76 5 Cyberwar is Coming 79 T. Manikandan, B. Balamurugan, C. Senthilkumar, R. Rajesh Alias Harinarayan, R. Raja Subramanian 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Ransomware Attacks 82 5.2.1 Petya 83 5.2.2 WannaCry 83 5.2.3 Locky 84 5.3 Are Nations Ready? 85 5.4 Conclusion 88 References 88 Part 2 Cybersecurity in Parallel and Distributed Computing Techniques 6 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 93 Ishaani Priyadarshini 6.1 Introduction 94 6.2 Need for Blockchain Security 95 6.3 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology 96 6.4 Types of Blockchains 97 6.5 The Architecture of Blockchain Technology 97 6.6 How Blockchain Technology Works 100 6.7 Some Other Case Studies for Blockchain Technology 102 6.8 Challenges Faced by Blockchain Technology 103 6.9 The Future of Blockchain Technology 105 6.10 Conclusion 106 References 106 7 Cyber-Security Techniques in Distributed Systems, SLAs and other Cyber Regulations 109 Soumitra Ghosh, Anjana Mishra, Brojo Kishore Mishra 7.1 Introduction 110 7.1.1 Primary Characteristics of a Distributed System 110 7.1.2 Major Challenges for Distributed Systems 111 7.2 Identifying Cyber Requirements 112 7.3 Popular security mechanisms in Distributed Systems 113 7.3.1 Secure Communication 113 7.3.2 Message Integrity and Confidentiality 115 7.3.3 Access Controls 116 7.4 Service Level Agreements 118 7.4.1 Types of SLAs 118 7.4.2 Critical Areas for SLAs 119 7.5 The Cuckoo’s Egg in the Context of IT Security 122 7.6 Searching and Seizing ComputerRelated Evidence 124 7.6.1 Computerized Search Warrants 124 7.6.2 Searching and Seizing 125 7.7 Conclusion 126 References 126 8 Distributed Computing Security: Issues and Challenges 129 Munmun Saha, Sanjaya Kumar Panda and Suvasini Panigrahi 8.1 Introduction 130 8.2 Security Issues and Challenges 131 8.2.1 Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability 131 8.2.2 Authentication and Access Control Issue 132 8.2.3 Broken Authentication, Session and Access 132 8.3 Security Issues and Challenges in Advanced Areas 133 8.4 Conclusion 136 References 136 9 Organization Assignment in Federated Cloud Environments based on Multi-Target Optimization of Security 139 Abhishek Kumar, Palvadi Srinivas Kumar, T.V.M. Sairam 9.1 Introduction 140 9.2 Background Work Related to Domain 141 9.2.1 Basics on Cloud computing 141 9.2.2 Clouds Which are Federated 141 9.2.3 Cloud Resource Management 141 9.3 Architectural-Based Cloud Security Implementation 142 9.4 Expected Results of the Process 144 9.5 Conclusion 146 References 146 10 An On-Demand and User-friendly Framework for Cloud Data Centre Networks with Performance Guarantee 149 P. Srinivas Kumar, Abhishek Kumar, Pramod Singh Rathore, Jyotir Moy Chatterjee 10.1 Introduction 150 10.1.1 Key Research Problems in This Area 150 10.1.2 Problems with Interoperability 151 10.2 Difficulties from a Cloud Adoption Perspective 151 10.3 Security and Privacy 151 10.3.1 Resource Provisioning 152 10.3.2 How Do We Define Cloud? 153 10.3.3 Public vs Private Cloud-Based Services 153 10.3.4 Traffic-Aware VM Migration to Load Balance Cloud Servers 154 10.4 Conclusion and Future Work 157 References 157 Part 3 Cybersecurity Applications and Case Studies 11 Cybersecurity at Organizations: A Delphi Pilot Study of Expert Opinions About Policy and Protection 163 Holly Reitmeier, Jolanda Tromp, John Bottoms 11.1 Introduction 164 11.1.1 What is Cybercrime? 164 11.1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 165 11.1.3 Purpose of This Cybersecurity Pilot Study 165 11.1.4 Methods of Cybersecurity Professionals 165 11.2 Shocking Statistics of Cybercrime 166 11.2.1 Role of the Internet Crime Complaint Center 166 11.2.2 2016 Global Economic Crime Survey Report 168 11.2.3 Inadequate Preparation at Organizations 168 11.2.4 Organizations: Be Aware, Be Secure 168 11.3 Cybersecurity Policies for Organizations 169 11.3.1 Classification of Cybersecurity at an Organization 171 11.3.2 Pyramid of Cybersecurity 171 11.4 Blockchain Technology 172 11.5 Research Methodology 173 11.5.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection 173 11.5.2 Design of the Study 174 11.5.3 Selection of the Delphi Method 174 11.5.4 Procedure of Utilization of the Delphi Method 175 11.5.5 Delphi Activities (Iteration Rounds) of This Pilot Study 175 11.6 Results of the Cybersecurity Delphi Study 176 11.6.1 Results from Round One 176 11.6.2 Results of Round Two 178 11.6.3 Discussion and Limitations Based on the Results 181 11.7 Conclusion 183 11.7.1 The Literature in the Field 183 11.7.2 Next Steps for Future Research 184 References 184 12 Smartphone Triggered Security Challenges - Issues, Case Studies and Prevention 187 Saurabh Ranjan Srivastava, Sachin Dube, Gulshan Shrivastava, Kavita Sharma 12.1 Introduction 188 12.2 Classification of Mobile Security Threats 188 12.2.1 Physical Threats 189 12.2.2 Web-Based Threats 189 12.2.3 Application-Based Threats 189 12.2.4 Network-Based Threats 190 12.2.5 Data Transfer-Based Threats 191 12.2.6 Improper Session Management-Based Threats 191 12.2.7 Bluetooth-Based Threats 191 12.2.8 Application Platform-Based Threats 192 12.3 Smartphones as a Tool of Crime 192 12.4 Types of Mobile Phone-Related Crimes 193 12.5 Types of Mobile Fraud 196 12.6 Case Studies 198 12.6.1 Mobile Identity Theft 198 12.6.2 Data Theft by Applications 200 12.6.3 SIM Card Fraud 200 12.7 Preventive Measures and Precautions 201 12.7.1 Against Physical Loss and Theft of the Mobile Device 201 12.7.2 Against SMiShing Attacks 202 12.7.3 Against App-Based Attacks 203 12.7.4 Against Identity Theft and SIM Card Fraud 203 12.8 Conclusion 204 References 205 13 Cybersecurity: A Practical Strategy Against Cyber Threats, Risks with Real World Usages 207 Anjana Mishra, Soumitra Ghosh, Brojo Kishore Mishra 13.1 Introduction 208 13.2 Cyberwar 209 13.3 Arms Control in Cyberwar 210 13.4 Internet Security Alliance 211 13.5 Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act 212 13.6 Market for Malware 214 13.7 Mobile Cybersecurity 215 13.8 Healthcare 216 13.9 Human Rights 217 13.10 Cybersecurity Application in Our Life 218 13.11 Conclusion 219 References 219 14 Security in Distributed Operating System: A Comprehensive Study 221 Sushree Bibhuprada B. Priyadarshini, Amiya Bhusan Bagjadab, Brojo Kishore Mishra 14.1 Introduction to Security and Distributed Systems 222 14.2 Relevant Terminology 225 14.3 Types of External Attacks 225 14.4 Globus Security Architecture 228 14.5 Distribution of Security Mechanism 229 14.6 Conclusions 230 References 230 15 Security in Healthcare Applications based on Fog and Cloud Computing 231 Rojalina Priyadarshini, Mohit Ranjan Panda, Brojo Kishore Mishra 15.1 Introduction 232 15.2 Security Needs of Healthcare Sector 233 15.2.1 Data Integrity 233 15.2.2 Data Confidentiality 233 15.2.3 Authentication and Authorization 233 15.2.4 Availability 234 15.2.5 Access Control 234 15.2.6 Dependability 234 15.2.7 Flexibility 234 15.3 Solutions to Probable Attacks in e-Healthcare 234 15.3.1 Jamming Attack 235 15.3.2 Data Collision Attack 235 15.3.3 Desynchronization Attack 235 15.3.4 Spoofing Attack 236 15.3.5 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 236 15.3.6 Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack 237 15.3.7 Insider Attack 238 15.3.8 Masquerade Attack 238 15.3.9 Attacks on Virtual Machine and Hypervisor 239 15.4 Emerging Threats in Cloud- and Fog-Based Healthcare System 240 15.4.1 Software Supply Chain Attacks 240 15.4.2 Ransomware Attacks 240 15.4.3 Crypto-Mining and Crypto-Jacking Malware 240 15.5 Conclusion 241 References 241 16 Mapping of e-Wallets with Features 245 Alisha Sikri, Surjeet Dalal, N.P Singh, Dac-Nhuong Le 16.1 Introduction 246 16.1.1 e-Wallet 246 16.1.2 Objectives 247 16.2 Review of Literature 250 16.3 Market Share of e-Wallet 251 16.3.1 Technical Features 252 16.3.2 Legal Features 252 16.3.3 Operational Features 253 16.3.4 Security Features 253 16.4 Research Methodology 253 16.5 Result Analysis 255 16.6 Conclusions and future work 256 References 256