Computer Programming: Made Simple

Computer Programming: Made Simple, New Edition focuses on the processes, principles, methodologies, techniques, and approaches involved in computer programming. The publication first takes a look at the introduction to computer structure, backing store, input, and output devices, and logic and flowcharting. Discussions focus on flowcharting, file organization, sequencing, and security, magnetic disc devices, optical character recognition, keyboard, encoders, optical mark reading, input and output unit, and backing store. The manuscript then ponders on operating systems, data and numbers, introduction to COBOL, and word types and constants. The text examines arithmetic statements, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE statements, program control, data classes in COBOL, editing, and data transfer. Topics include READ and WRITE statements, types of editing, PICTURE clause, file labeling, BLOCK CONTAINS clause, PERFORM and STOP statements, and MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, and COMPUTE statements. The book also tackles microprocessors, arrays, and subscripts, loops and subroutines, and program control. The publication is a dependable source of data for computer programmers and researchers interested in computer programming.

Table of Contents:
Prefaces Acknowledgement Part 1: Introduction to Computer Systems 1 Introduction 2 Computer Structure Input Unit Backing Store Memory Unit Output Unit Program Exercises 3 Input Devices Punched Cards Punched Paper Tape Keyboard Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Optical Character Recognition Optical Mark Reading Encoders Exercises 4 Output Devices Printing Line Printers Exercises 5 Backing Store Devices Backing Store Devices Magnetic Tape Devices Magnetic Disc Devices Hard Discs Floppy Discs File Organization File Sequencing File Security Exercises 6 Logic and Flowcharting Flowcharting Flowcharting Symbols Exercises 7 Program Specification Analysis Program Specifications Introduction Input Output Throughput Exercises 8 Operating Systems The Supervisor Program Scheduling Operator Communication JCL Interpretation Compilers Compiler Functions Operating Systems Library Maintenance Sorting Utilities Error Recovery Software Exercises 9 Data and Numbers Data Sets and Numbers Structures Arrays Number Systems The Decimal System The Binary System The Octal System The Hexadecimal System Number Notations Exercises Part 2: COBOL Programming Language 10 Introduction to COBOL Language Structure The COBOL Character Set Punctuation Program Divisions Exercises 11 Word Types and Constants Reserved Words Keywords Optional Words Connectives Names Data Names Condition Names Procedure Names Constants Literal Constants Figurative Constants General Format Notation Exercises 12 The COBOL Coding Form Sequence Numbers Continuation of Lines Area A and B Blank Lines Exercises 13 Arithmetic Statements ROUNDED Option GIVING Option SIZE ERROR Option The ADD Statement The SUBTRACT Statement Exercises 14 Multiply and Divide The MULTIPLY Statement The DIVIDE Statement The COMPUTE Statement Arithmetic Expressions Exercises 15 Program Flow Procedure Name The GO TO Statement The ALTER Statement Exercises 16 Program Control The PERFORM Statement Embedded PERFORM Statement The EXIT Statement The STOP Statement Exercises 17 The Data Di vision Data Division—Organization Organization of External Data Description of External Data The DATA DIVISION Data Division Entries Level Numbers Special Level Numbers Exercises 18 File Descriptions—1 BLOCK CONTAINS Clause RECORD CONTAINS Clause Recording Mode Fixed-Length Recording Mode Variable-Length Recording Mode Undefined-Length Recording Mode Spanned-Length Recording Mode RECORDING MODE Clause F Mode V Mode Other Modes Exercises 19 File Descriptions—2 File Labelling Generation Numbers LABEL RECORDS Clause VALUE OF Clause DATA RECORDS Clause Data-Record Descriptions The FD in Use Exercises 20 Data Classes in COBOL Alphabetic Class Numeric Class Alphanumeric Class Data Description General Rules Data-Name Clause Exercises 21 Data Description—1 PICTURE Clause Symbols Used in the PICTURE Clause Other Combinations of PICTURE Characters Symbol Repetition The PICTURE Clause in Use The USAGE Clause Exercises 22 Data Description—2 Further Data-Description Entry Clauses The OCCURS Clause Subscripting Redefinition The REDEFINES Clause Exercises 23 Data Values Data-Item Content The VALUE IS Clause BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause Exercises 24 Editing Types of Editing Editing in Use Exercises 25 The Data Division in Use File Section Entries Working-Storage Section Entries Notes on Data Division Entries Exercises 26 The Procedure Division Organization Statement Types Conditional Statements Imperative Statements Compiler-Directing Statements Exercises 27 Conditions Class Condition Sign Condition Relation Condition Condition Names Compound Conditions Exercises 28 The IF Statement Nested IF Statements Exercises 29 Data Manipulation—1 The MOVE Statement Alphanumeric to Alphanumeric Numeric to Numeric Numeric to Alphanumeric Alphanumeric to Numeric Exercises 30 Data Manipulation—2 The EXAMINE Statement UNTIL FIRST Option ALL Option LEADING Option TALLY REPLACING Option The TRANSFORM Statement Exercises 31 Preparing Data Files The OPEN Statement The CLOSE Statement Exercises 32 Data Transfer The READ Statement INTO Option The WRITE Statement Print Files Printing by Channel Exercises 33 Communication with the Computer Operator The DISPLAY Statement The ACCEPT Statement Exercises 34 File Processing File Matching Exercises 35 Processing Print Files Printing on Plain Stationery Printing on Pre-Printed Stationery Stationery Line-up 36 Qualification CORRESPONDING Option Exercises 37 Table Handling PERFORM VARYING Option Exercises 38 Table Searching Keys in Serial Order Table Optimization Exercises 39 Subroutines Parameters The ENTRY Statement The CALL Statement Exercises 40 Program Termination Program Controls Exercises 41 Documentation Aids The COPY Statement Mixed Programming Languages Exercises 42 The Sort Feature Sorting Using the SORT Statement Exercises 43 Program Testing Facilities The TRACE Statement The EXHIBIT Statement The DEBUG Statement Exercises 44 Eject and Skip The EJECT Statement The SKIP Statement Exercises 45 The Identification Division Required Entries Optional Entries Exercise 46 The Environment Division—1 The Environment Division The Configuration Section Special Names Exercise 47 The Environment Division—2 Input-Output Section The FILE-CONTROL Paragraph The I-O-CONTROL Paragraph Exercises Revision Questions Sets 1-4 Part 3: FORTRAN Programming Language 48 Introduction Time-Sharing Computer Systems FORTRAN Coding 49 Constants and Variables Constants Integer Constant Real Constant Double-Precision Constant Complex Constant Alpha or Literal Constant File-Name Constant Logical Constant Variables Initial Value (Time-Sharing) Initial Value (Non- Time-Sharing) Exercises 50 The Assignment Statement Arithmetic Expressions The Assignment Statement in Use Exercises 51 Program Control Statements The GO TO Statement The Computed GO TO Statement The Assigned GO TO Statement Exercises 52 Program Decisions and Loops Additional Program-Control Statements Relational Expressions The DO Statement Exercises 53 Arrays Variable Subscripting The DATA Statement Exercises 54 Input and Output Statements The INPUT Statement The PRINT Statement Formatting Exercises 55 Backing Store Handling File Layout Outputting Data Inputting Data Arrays and Files Exercises 56 Subroutines Passing Parameters Arrays in Subroutines Exercises 57 Functions Built-In Functions Functions in Use User-Defined Functions Exercises Revision Questions. Set 5 Part 4: BASIC Programming Language 58 Introduction Instruction Format BASIC Statements 59 Constants and Variables Data Numbers Texts Variables Numeric Variables String Variables Exercises 60 The LET Statement Expressions Order of Evaluation Strings Functions Exercises 61 Further Functions More Intrinsic Functions Exercises 62 Inputting Data DATA and READ Statements The INPUT Statement Exercises 63 The PRINT Statement The TAB Feature PRINT USING Blank Lines Exercises 64 Program Control The GO TO Statement The IF THEN Statement Extensions to the IF THEN Statement The ON ... GO TO Statement Exercises 65 Loops and Subroutines The FOR and NEXT Statements The GOSUB Statement Exercises 66 Arrays and Subscripts Arrays Subscripts Exercises Revision Questions. Set 6 Part 5: The Microprocessor Explained 67 The Home Computer Random Access Memory—RAM Read Only Memory—ROM Programmable Read Only Memory—PROM Erasable PROM—EPROM 68 The Home Computer I/O System Input Output Backing Storage Other Input I Output 69 The Bus System Revision Questions. Set 7 Appendix One: Glossary of Terms Used Appendix Two: COBOL—List of Reserved Words Appendix Three: Answers to Exercises Exercises: Part One Exercises: Part Two Revision Questions: Sets 1-4 Exercises: Part Three Revision Questions: Set 5 Exercises: Part Four Revision Questions: Set 6 Revision Questions: Set 7 Index