Brain-Computer Interfaces 2: Technology and Applications

Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are devices which measure brain activity and translate it into messages or commands, thereby opening up many possibilities for investigation and application. This book provides keys for understanding and designing these multi-disciplinary interfaces, which require many fields of expertise such as neuroscience, statistics, informatics and psychology. This second volume, Technology and Applications, is focused on the field of BCI from the perspective of its end users, such as those with disabilities to practitioners. Covering clinical applications and the field of video games, the book then goes on to explore user needs which drive the design and development of BCI. The software used for their design, primarily OpenViBE, is explained step by step, before a discussion on the use of BCI from ethical, philosophical and social perspectives. The basic notions developed in this reference book are intended to be accessible to all readers interested in BCI, whatever their background. More advanced material is also offered, for readers who want to expand their knowledge in disciplinary fields underlying BCI.

Table of Contents:
Foreword  xv José DEL R. MILLÁN Introduction  xvii Maureen CLERC, Laurent BOUGRAIN and Fabien LOTTE Part 1. Fields of Application 1 Chapter 1. Brain–Computer Interfaces in Disorders of Consciousness  3 Jérémie MATTOUT, Jacques LUAUTÉ, Julien JUNG and Dominique MORLET 1.1. Introduction  3 1.2. Altered states of consciousness: etiologies and clinical features  4 1.3. Functional assessment of patients with altered states of consciousness (passive paradigms)  6 1.4. Advanced approaches to assessing consciousness (active paradigms)  12 1.5. Toward the real-time use of functional markers 15 1.6. Conclusion and future outlook  19 1.7. Bibliography  21 Chapter 2. Medical Applications: Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation 29 Laurent BOUGRAIN 2.1. Motor deficiencies 30 2.2. Compensating for motor deficiency 32 2.3. Conclusions  39 2.4. Bibliography  39 Chapter 3. Medical Applications of BCIs for Patient Communication 43 François CABESTAING and Louis MAYAUD 3.1. Introduction  43 3.2. Reactive interfaces for communication 49 3.3. Active interfaces for communication  53 3.4. Conclusions  59 3.5. Bibliography  60 Chapter 4. BrainTV: Revealing the Neural Bases of Human Cognition in Real Time 65 Jean-Philippe LACHAUX 4.1. Introduction and motivation 65 4.2. Toward first person data accounting 66 4.3. Bringing subjective and objective data into the same space: conscious experience of the subject  69 4.4. Technical aspects: the contribution of brain–computer interfaces 70 4.5. The BrainTV system and its applications  75 4.6. BrainTV limitations  81 4.7. Extension to other types of recordings  82 4.8. Conclusions  82 4.9. Bibliography 83 Chapter 5. BCIs and Video Games: State of the Art with the OpenViBE2 Project 85 Anatole LÉCUYER 5.1. Introduction  85 5.2. Video game prototypes controlled by BCI 88 5.3. Industrial prototypes: the potential for very different kinds of games  93 5.4. Discussion 96 5.5. Conclusion 98 5.6. Bibliography  98 Part 2. Practical Aspects of BCI Implementation  101 Chapter 6. Analysis of Patient Need for Brain–Computer Interfaces 103 Louis MAYAUD, Salvador CABANILLES and Eric AZABOU 6.1. Introduction  103 6.2. Types of users 108 6.3. Interpretation of needs in BCI usage contexts  113 6.4. Conclusions  117 6.5. Bibliography  119 Chapter 7. Sensors: Theory and Innovation 123 Jean-Michel BADIER, Thomas LONJARET and Pierre LELEUX 7.1. EEG electrodes 125 7.2. Invasive recording 128 7.3. Latest generation sensors 130 7.4. Magnetoencephalography  137 7.5. Conclusions  139 7.6. Bibliography  140 Chapter 8. Technical Requirements for High-quality EEG Acquisition 143 Emmanuel MABY 8.1. Electrodes 144 8.2. Montages . 145 8.3. Amplifiers 147 8.4. Analog filters  152 8.5. Analog-to-digital conversion 152 8.6. Event synchronization with the EEG  155 8.7. Conclusions  159 8.8. Bibliography  160 Chapter 9. Practical Guide to Performing an EEG Experiment  163 Emmanuel MABY 9.1. Study planning 163 9.2. Equipment 166 9.3. Experiment procedure 170 9.4. Bibliography  177 Part 3 . Step by Step Guide to BCI Design with OpenViBE 179 Chapter 10. OpenViBE and Other BCI Software Platforms 181 Jussi LINDGREN and Anatole LECUYER 10.1. Introduction  181 10.2. Using BCI for control  183 10.3. BCI processing stages  184 10.4. Exploring BCI  187 10.5. Comparison of platforms  189 10.6. Choosing a platform 195 10.7. Conclusion  196 10.8. Bibliography 197 Chapter 11. Illustration of Electrophysiological Phenomena with OpenViBE  199 Fabien LOTTE and Alison CELLARD 11.1. Visualization of raw EEG signals and artifacts  200 11.2. Visualization of alpha oscillations 201 11.3. Visualization of the beta rebound  203 11.4. Visualization of the SSVEP 206 11.5. Conclusions  208 11.6. Bibliography 209 Chapter 12. Classification of Brain Signals with OpenViBE 211 Laurent BOUGRAIN and Guillaume SERRIÈRE 12.1. Introduction  211 12.2. Classification 212 12.3. Evaluation 216 12.4. Conclusions  224 12.5. Bibliography 224 Chapter 13. OpenViBE Illustration of a P300 Virtual Keyboard  227 Nathanaël FOY, Théodore PAPADOPOULO and Maureen CLERC 13.1. Target/non-target classification 228 13.2. Illustration of a P300 virtual keyboard 235 13.3. Bibliography 240 Chapter 14. Recreational Applications of OpenViBE: Brain Invaders and Use-the-Force 241 Anton ANDREEV, Alexandre BARACHANT, Fabien LOTTE and Marco CONGEDO 14.1. Brain Invaders  241 14.2. Implementation  248 14.3. Use-The-Force!  251 14.4. Conclusions  256 14.5. Bibliography 257 Part 4. Societal Challenges and Perspectives  259 Chapter 15. Ethical Reflections on Brain–Computer Interfaces 261 Florent BOCQUELET, Gaëlle PIRET, Nicolas AUMONIER and Blaise YVERT 15.1. Introduction  262 15.2. The animal  264 15.3. Human beings  267 15.4. The human species  274 15.5. Conclusions  279 15.6. Bibliography 281 Chapter 16. Acceptance of Brain–machine Hybrids: How is Their Brain Perceived In Vivo?  289 Bernard ANDRIEU 16.1. Ethical problem  289 16.2. The method  291 16.3. Ethics of experimentation: Matthew Nagle, the first patient  293 16.4. Body language in performance 296 16.5. Ethics of autonomous (re)socialization 297 16.6. Conclusions . 303 16.7. Bibliography 304 16.8. Appendix (verbatim video retranscriptions)  304 Chapter 17. Conclusion and Perspectives  311 Maureen CLERC, Laurent BOUGRAIN and Fabien LOTTE 17.1. Introduction  311 17.2. Reinforcing the scientific basis of BCIs  314 17.3. Using BCI in practice  316 17.4. Opening up BCI technologies to new applications and fields 318 17.5. Concern about ethical issues  321 17.6. Conclusions  321 17.7. Bibliography 322 List of Authors  325 Index  329 Contents of Volume 1 333