Blandy's Urology

Blandy's Urology, 3rd edition is set to become a classic in its field, the latest edition of one of the most well-loved general urology textbooks for urologists and surgeons alike, successfully combining both general urology and urologic surgery.  Its key strength is the unique ‘Blandy way’ of describing urological diseases and their management, consisting of: clear, straightforward, uncomplicated descriptions of disease/conditions, including hundreds of clinical photos an abundance of outstanding drawn surgical diagrams to illustrate best technique in the operating theatre a focus on the most commonly seen problems in the clinic organization of each topic under anatomical headings Especially loved by urology and surgery trainees for its straightforward approach to the speciality and as a preparation for speciality urology exams, consultants and specialists also value it as a handy refresher tool. 

Table of Contents:
Preface xxxvii List of Contributors xxxix Part I 1 1 Armaments in Urology 3 Shibs Datta 1.1 Principles of Urological Technology 4 1.2 Wound Healing in the Urinary Tract 19 1.3 Simulation in Urology 27 2 Principles of Medical Statistics 39 Julie Morris 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Descriptive Statistics 39 2.3 Confidence Intervals 41 2.4 Significance Tests 42 2.5 Relationships between Variables 44 2.6 Diagnostic Tests 45 2.7 Study Design 46 2.8 Number Needed to Treat 47 2.9 Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis 47 3 Embryology for the Urologist 49 Allan Johnston, Maike F. Eylert, Tarik Amer, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 3.1 Historical Consideration 50 3.2 Introduction 50 3.3 Embryology of the Kidneys and Ureters 50 3.4 Embryology of the Bladder 57 3.5 Embryology of the Indifferent Genital System 60 3.6 Embryology of the Male Genital System 61 3.7 Embryology of the Prostate 67 3.8 Embryology of the Penis and Urethra 68 3.9 Neuter State 70 3.10 Embryology of the Female Genital System 70 3.11 Embryology of the Adrenal Gland 71 References 4 Principles of Urologic Oncology 75 Oliver W. Hakenberg 4.1 The Scope of Urologic Oncology 75 4.2 Carcinogenesis 75 4.3 Molecular Biology of Cancer Growth 79 4.4 Tumour‐ Promoting Inflammation 81 4.5 Reprogramming Energy Metabolism 81 4.6 Evading Immune Destruction 82 4.7 The Tumour Microenvironment 82 4.8 The Rate of Cancer Growth 82 4.9 Principles of Treatment 82 4.10 Oncologic Surgery 84 Part II 91 5 Kidney and Ureter Anatomy 93 Hiro Ishii, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Hendrik Van Poppel 5.1 Comparative Anatomy 94 5.2 Renal Fasciae 96 5.3 Macroscopic Appearances 96 5.4 Arterial Supply 96 5.5 Renal Veins 98 5.6 Common Vascular and Anatomic Variations 99 5.7 Lymphatics 99 5.8 Innervation of the Kidney 99 6 Kidney and Ureter Physiology 107 Motaz ElMahdy Hassan and Mohamed Ismail 6.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate 107 6.2 Renal Tubules 109 6.3 Hormonal Function of the Kidney 110 6.4 Special Disorders of Renal Tubules 111 6.5 Acid–Base Metabolism 111 6.6 Obstructive Uropathy 112 6.7 Ureteric Physiology 113 6.8 Whitaker Test 114 7 Renal Failure 117 Pramod Nagaraja and Farid Ghalli 7.1 Acute Kidney Injury 117 7.2 Chronic Kidney Disease 120 7.3 Dialysis 123 8 Renal Transplant 127 Oliver W. Hakenberg 8.1 The Patients and the Kidneys 128 8.2 Technique of Removal of Donor Kidneys 130 8.3 Immunology of Organ Transplantation 137 8.4 Graft Rejection 139 8.5 Immunosuppression 141 9 Kidney and Ureter: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies 145 Alberto Mantovani, Jane Hendry, and Pankaj Mishra 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidney 145 9.3 Congenital Abnormalities of the PUJ 153 10 Hydronephrosis 165 Maitrey Darrad, Ameet Gupta, and Nick Rukin 10.1 Definition 165 10.2 Incidence 165 10.3 Pathophysiology 166 10.4 Diagnostic Imaging 169 10.5 Complications of Hydronephrosis 171 10.6 Management (General Principles) 171 10.7 Perinatal Hydronephrosis 171 10.8 Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction 172 10.9 Retrocaval Ureter 181 10.10 Duplication Anomalies, Ectopic Ureter, and Ureteroceles 181 10.11 VUR 183 10.12 Megaureter 185 10.13 Ureteral Strictures 185 11 Kidney and Ureter Trauma 189 Sarfraz Ahmad and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 11.1 Kidney Injuries 189 11.2 Ureteral Injuries 200 12 Kidney and Ureter Inflammation 209 Ameet Gupta and Krishna Narahari 12.1 Medical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 209 12.2 Acute Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 211 12.3 Chronic Surgical Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 218 12.4 Other Inflammatory Conditions of the Kidney 223 12.5 Inflammatory Conditions of the Ureters 228 13 Kidney and Ureter Neoplasm 237 Jane Hendry, Bhavan P. Rai, Alan S. McNeill, Ghulam Nabi, Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Khaver Qureshi, Nkem Umez‐Eronini, Grenville Oades, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 13.1 Kidney Neoplasms 238 13.2 Benign Renal Masses 258 13.3 Ureter and Renal Pelvis Neoplasms 261 14 Kidney and Ureter Calculi 277 Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Paul Cook, Olivier Traxer, Palle J.S. Osther, Luca Villa, Jonathan Cloutier, Helene Jung, Kim H. Andreassen, and Bhaskar K. Somani 14.1 Epidemiology 277 14.2 Pathophysiology 277 14.3 Formation of Calculi in the Kidney 278 14.4 Common Types of Urinary Stones 279 14.5 Clinical Features 281 14.6 Complications of Stones 281 14.7 Investigations 282 14.8 Investigations for Metabolic Stone Disease 288 14.9 Medical Management of Stones 289 14.10 Surgery for Stones 291 15 Kidney and Ureter Vascular Disorders 321 Abdullah Zreik and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 15.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Renal Vessels 321 15.2 Renal Artery Disorders 322 15.3 Disorders of the Renal Veins 328 16 The Adrenal Glands 331 Michael Stechman and David Scott Coombes 16.1 Principles of Endocrine Surgery 331 16.2 Anatomy 332 16.3 Physiology 333 16.4 Pathology 334 16.5 Pathology of the Adrenal Medulla 340 16.6 Congenital Disorders of the Adrenals 346 16.7 Trauma 346 16.8 Inflammation 346 Part III 349 17 Bladder and Urethra Structure and Function 351 Maike F. Eylert and Arjun K. Nambiar 17.1 Anatomy 351 17.2 Physiology 355 18 Bladder Congenital Anomalies 359 Katerina Prodromou and Pankaj Mishra 18.1 Embryology 359 18.2 Exstrophy‐ Epispadias Complex 359 18.3 Urachal Anomalies 368 18.4 Bladder Diverticula 370 18.5 Disorders of Development of the Sacrum 371 18.6 UTI in Children 371 19 Bladder Trauma 383 Abdullah Zreik, Ahmed Mahrous, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 19.1 Bladder Injuries 383 20 Bladder Inflammation 391 Ameet Gupta, Anna Manwaring, and Krishna Narahari 20.1 Introduction and Definitions 391 20.2 Acute Cystitis or Lower UTI 392 20.3 Chronic Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome 400 20.4 Tuberculosis 400 20.5 Parasitic Infections 400 20.6 Amoebiasis 405 20.7 Worm Infestations 406 20.8 Catfish 406 21 Bladder Neoplasm 409 Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, and Muhammad Shamim Khan 21.1 Bladder Neoplasm 410 21.2 Field Biopsies 417 21.3 Pathology 417 21.4 Malignant Tumours of the Bladder 417 21.5 Grading of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 422 21.6 Staging of Bladder Tumours 422 21.7 Risk Stratification after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour 422 21.8 Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma 422 21.9 Muscle‐ Invasive Bladder Cancer 427 21.10 Recurrence and Follow‐up of MIBC 435 21.11 Management of Locally Advanced MIBC (T3b/T4) and Metastatic Disease (N1 or M1) 435 21.12 Bladder Cancer Variants 437 22 Urinary Diversion 447 Kawa Omar, Nawal Shamim Khan, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Johannes Alfred Witjes, and Muhammad  Shamim Khan 22.1 Urinary Diversions 448 22.2 Bladder Urinary Diversion 449 22.3 Functional Follow‐Up 461 22.4 Quality of Life Urinary Diversion after Cystectomy 461 23 Bladder Disorder of Function 465 Arjun K. Nambiar, Maike F. Eylert, Lisette A ‘t Hoen, and Bertil F.M. Blok 23.1 Introduction 465 23.2 Investigating Bladder Function 468 23.3 Disorders of Function 476 23.4 Urethral Disorders 489 24 Fistulae and Sinuses 499 Jenny Jones and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 24.1 Principles and Definitions 499 24.2 Pathophysiology 499 24.3 General Complications 500 24.4 Organ‐Specific Fistulae 500 Part IV 509 25 Prostate Structure and Function 511 Adam Cox, Matthew Jefferies, and Raj Persad 25.1 Comparative Anatomy 511 25.2 Maturation of the Prostate 511 25.3 Anatomy of the Prostate 513 25.4 Prostate Physiology 517 26 Prostate Inflammation 523 Mark J. Salji, Truls E. Bjerklund Johansen, and Hing Y. Leung 26.1 Classification of Prostatitis 523 26.2 Investigations 525 26.3 Imaging 525 26.4 Serum Prostate Specific Antigen 526 26.5 Histology 526 26.6 Treatment Options 526 26.7 Upoint Phenotypic Classification of CP/CPPS 527 26.8 Surgical Options 527 26.9 Heat Therapies 527 26.10 Prostate Tuberculosis 528 26.11 Summary 528 27 Prostate Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 531 Daniel W. Good, Bashar Nahas, Simon Phipps, Rick Popert, Jens‐Uwe Stolzenburg, and Stuart Alan S. McNeill 27.1 Nomenclature 532 27.2 Aetiology 532 27.3 Pathology of BPH 534 27.4 Complications of BPH 535 27.5 Epidemiology and Natural History of BPH 538 27.6 Investigations 539 27.7 Management 541 27.8 Surgical Management 547 28 Prostate Neoplasm 563 Mark J. Salji, Imran Ahmad, Sarah Slater, Fat‐Wui Poon, Abdulla Alhasso, Nadja V. Melquiot, Holly Bekarma, Jane Hendry, and Hing Y. Leung 28.1 Epidemiology 563 28.2 Aetiology 564 28.3 Clinical Features 565 28.4 Prognosis 566 28.5 Investigations 566 28.6 Pathology, Histopathology, and Molecular Pathology 573 28.7 Management, Treatments, and Patient Selection 577 28.8 Androgen‐Deprivation Therapy 587 28.9 Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer 591 28.10 The Role of TURP for Voiding Symptoms Associated with PCa 593 28.11 Controversies, Cutting‐Edge Developments, and Hot Topics 594 Part V 611 29 Penis and Urethra Structure and Penis 613 Ayman Younis and Christopher Harding 29.1 Anatomy and Physiology 613 29.2 The Penis 613 29.3 The Scrotum 617 29.4 The Urethra 617 29.5 Erection 619 29.6 Function of the Scrotum 622 30 Penis and Urethra and Prostate Congenital Anomalies 623 Anand Upasani, Divyesh Desai, Imran Mushtaq, and Pankaj Mishra 30.1 Foreskin 623 30.2 Hypospadias 628 30.3 Primary Epispadias 632 30.4 Posterior Urethral Valves 635 30.5 Prostatic Utricle 639 30.6 Syringocele 639 30.7 Anterior Urethral Valves 640 30.8 Urethral Duplication 641 30.9 Urethral Anomalies in Anorectal Malformations 642 30.10 Interesting Terminologies 645 31 Penis and Urethra Trauma 651 Ayman Younis and Trevor J. Dorkin 31.1 Penis and Scrotum 651 31.2 Urethral Trauma 653 32 Penis and Urethra Inflammation 663 Nick Watkin and Asheesh Kaul 32.1 Urethral Inflammation 663 32.2 Penile Inflammation 664 32.3 Other Urethro‐Peno‐Scrotal Pathologies 666 32.4 Stricture Disease of the Urethra 668 32.5 Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury 676 33 Penis and Urethra Neoplasm 687 Tom Swallow and Duncan Summerton 33.1 Penile Neoplasm 687 33.2 Lymph Node Disease 695 33.3 Urethral Neoplasm 699 34 Penis and Urethra Disorders of Function 705 Sarfraz Ahmad and Nick Watkin 34.1 Erectile Dysfunction 705 34.2 Premature Ejaculation 712 34.3 Retrograde Ejaculation 715 34.4 Anejaculation 715 34.5 Priapism 716 34.6 Peyronie Disease 719 34.7 Late Onset Hypogonadism 722 Part VI 729 35 Testes Structure and Function 731 Tusshyenthan Seevagan, Stephen Hulligan, Jaspal Phull, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 35.1 Comparative Anatomy 731 35.2 Topographical Anatomy 732 35.3 Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 733 35.4 Epididymis 734 35.5 Vas Deferens 735 35.6 Seminal Vesicle 736 35.7 Verumontanum 736 35.8 Spermatic Cord 736 35.9 Testicular Physiology 736 36 Testes Congenital and Childhood Anomalies 741 Eleni Papageorgiou, Abraham Cherian, and Pankaj Mishra 36.1 Congenital Anomalies of the Testis 741 36.2 Inguinoscrotal Masses 749 36.3 The Acute Scrotum 753 37 Testes Trauma and Inflammation 759 Senthy Sellaturay, Kamran Ahmed, Muhammad Shamim Khan, and Majed Shabbir 37.1 Testicular Trauma 760 37.2 Inflammatory Diseases of the Testicle 761 37.3 Chronic Inflammation 763 37.4 Treatment 764 38 Testes Benign Swelling 769 Jasper Bondad, Piotr L. Chlosta, and Omar M. Aboumarzouk 38.1 Hydrocele 769 38.2 Epididymal Cyst 773 38.3 Benign Testicular Cyst 774 38.4 Testicular Torsion 774 38.5 Polyorchidism 775 38.6 Varicocele 776 38.7 Orchialgia 778 38.8 Nux Amatoris 778 39 Testes Neoplasm 783 Michelle Carey, Omar M. Aboumarzouk, and Johannes Alfred Witjes 39.1 History 784 39.2 Incidence 784 39.3 Basic Embryology 784 39.4 Aetiology and Risk Factors 784 39.5 Clinical Features 785 39.6 Diagnosis 785 39.7 Staging 791 39.8 Method of Spread 791 39.9 Prognosis 793 39.10 Treatment 793 39.11 Nongerm Cell Tumours 797 39.12 Tumours Containing Both Germ Cell and Sex Cord or Gonadal Stromal Elements: Gonadoblastoma 798 39.13 Other Tumours of the Testis 798 39.14 Tumours of the Paratesticular Structures 798 40 Male Infertility 803 Amr Abdel Raheem, Rowland Rees, and David Ralph 40.1 Incidence 803 40.2 Definitions 803 40.3 History and Examination 804 40.4 Aetiology 804 40.5 Investigations for Male Infertility 807 40.6 Testis Biopsy 809 40.7 Treatment of Male Infertility 811 40.8 Assisted Conception Techniques 812 40.9 Varicocele Repair 812 40.10 Medical Treatment of Male Infertility 813 41 Vasectomy and Seminal Vesicle Disorders 817 Omar M. Aboumarzouk, Bryan Jenkins, and Piotr L. Chlosta 41.1 Seminal Vesicles 818 41.2 Vasectomy 820 Index 825