Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis

This book offers a unique perspective of the impact of scanning probe microscopes on our understanding of the chemistry of the surface at the nanoscale. Research oriented, with the concepts gleaned from Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy being related to the more established and accepted views in surface chemistry and catalysis, the authors have addressed the question "How do the models based on classical spectroscopic and kinetic studies stand up to scrutiny at the atom-resolved level?". In taking this approach the reader, new to the field of surface chemistry, should be able to obtain a perspective on how the evidence from STM confirms or questions long standing tenets. An emphasis is given to "how did we get to where we are now" and a large number of figures from the literature are included along with suggestions for further reading. Topics discussed include: - the dynamics of oxygen chemisorption at metal surfaces - control of oxygen states and surface reconstruction - dissociative chemisorption of diatomic and hydrocarbon molecules - nanoparticles and chemical reactivity - STM at high pressures - structural studies of sulfur containing molecules and molecular templating This book will appeal to all those who wish to become familiar with the contribution Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy has made to the understanding of the field of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis and also to those who are new to catalysis, a fascinating and important area of chemistry.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Some Milestones in the Development of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; 1 Introduction; 2 1926: Catalysis, Theory and Practice; Rideal and Taylor; 3 1932: Adsorption of Gases by Solids; Faraday Discussion, Oxford; 4 1940: Seventeenth Faraday Lecture; Langmuir; 5 1950: Heterogeneous Catalysis; Faraday Discussion, Liverpool; 6 1957: Advances in Catalysis; International Congress on Catalysis, Philadelphia; 7 1963: Conference on Clean Surfaces with Supplement: Surface Phenomena in Semiconductors, New York; 8 1966: Faraday Discussion Meeting, Liverpool; 9 1967: The Emergence of Photoelectron Spectroscopy; 10 1968: Berkeley Meeting: Structure and Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; 11 1972: A Discussion on the Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces, London; 12 1987: Faraday Symposium, Bath Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 2:Experimental Methods in Surface Science Relevant to STM; 1 Introduction; 2 Kinetic Methods; 3 Vibrational Spectroscopy; 4 Work Function; 5 Structural Studies; 6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy; 7 The Dynamics of Adsorption; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 3: Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy: Theory and Experiment; 1 The Development of Ultramicroscopy; 2 The Theory of STM; 3 The Interpretation of STM Images; 4 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy; 5 The STM Experiment; 6 The Scanner; Sample Approach; Adaptations of the Scanner for Specific Experiments; 7 Making STM Tips; Tip Materials; References; Chapter 4: Dynamics of Surface Reactions and Oxygen Chemisorption; 1 Introduction; 2 Surface Reconstruction and "Oxide" Formation; 3 Oxygen States at Metal Surfaces; 4 Control of Oxygen States by Coadsorbates; 5 Adsorbate Interactions, Mobility and Residence Times; 6 Atom-tracking STM; 7 Hot Oxygen Adatoms: How Are They Formed?; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 5: Catalytic Oxidation at Metal Surfaces: Atom Resolved Evidence; 1 Introduction; 2 Ammonia Oxidation; Cu(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen; Coadsorption of Ammonia-Oxygen Mixtures at Cu(110); Coadsorption of Ammonia-Oxygen Mixtures at Mg(0001); Ni(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen; Ag(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen; 3 Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide; 4 Oxidation of Hydrogen; 5 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons; 6 Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide; 7 Theoretical Analysis of Activation by Oxygen; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 6: Surface Modification by Alkali Metals; 1 Introduction; 2 Infrared Studies of CO at Cu(110)-Cs; 3 Structural Studies of the Alkali Metal-modified Cu(110) Surfaces; Low-energy Electron Diffraction; Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy; Cu(110)-Cs System; Oxygen Chemisorption at Cu(110)-Cs; 4 Reactivity of Cu(110)-Cs to NH3 and CO2; 5 Au(110)-K System; 6 Cu(100)-Li System; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 7: STM at High Pressure; 1 Introduction; 2 Catalysis and Chemisorption at Metals at High Pressure; Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide; Hydrogenation of Olefins; 3 Restructuring of the Pt(110)-(1 Î 2) Surface by Carbon Monoxide; 4 Adsorption-induced Step Formation; 5 Gold Particles at FeO(111); 6 Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange and Surface Poisoning; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 8: Molecular and Dissociated States of Molecules: Biphasic Systems; 1 Introduction; 2 Nitric Oxide; 3 Nitrogen Adatoms: Surface Structure; 4 Carbon Monoxide; 5 Hydrogen; 6 Dissociative Chemisorption of HCl at Cu(110); 7 Chlorobenzene; 8 Hydrocarbon Dissociation: Carbide Formation; 9 Dissociative Chemisorption of Phenyl Iodide; 10 Chemisorption and Trimerization of Acetylene at Pt(111); Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 9: Nanoparticles and Chemical Reactivity; 1 Introduction; 2 Controlling Cluster Size on Surfaces; 3 Alloy Ensembles; 4 Nanoclusters at Oxide Surfaces; 5 Oxidation and Polymerisation at Pd Atoms Deposited on MgO Surfaces; 6 Clusters in Nanocatalysis; 7 Molybdenum Sulfide Nanoclusters and Catalytic Hydrodesulfurisation Reaction Pathways; 8 Nanoparticle Geometry at Oxide-supported Catalysts; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 10: Studies of Sulfur and Thiols at Metal Surfaces; 1 Introduction; 2 Studies of Atomic Sulfur Adsorbed at Metal Surfaces; Copper; Nickel; Gold and Silver; Platinum, Rhodium, Ruthenium and Rhenium; Alloy systems; 3 Sulfur-containing Molecules; Summary; References; Further Reading; Chapter 11: Surface Engineering at the Nanoscale; 1 Introduction; 2 "Bottom-up" Surface Engineering; Van der Waals Forces; Hydrogen Bonding; Chiral Surfaces from Prochiral Adsorbates; Covalently Bonded Systems; 3 Surface Engineering Using Diblock Copolymer Templates; Summary; References; Further Reading; Epilogue; Catalysis and the Greenhouse Phenomenon; Subject Index;