Additives in Polymers
Home > Science, Technology & Agriculture > Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies > Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering > Plastics and polymers > Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications
Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications

Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications

|
     0     
5
4
3
2
1




International Edition


About the Book

This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits. Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability. Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.

Table of Contents:
Foreword ix Preface xi About the Author xiii Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Additives 2 1.1.1 Additive functionality 3 1.2 Plastics formulations 5 1.2.1 Supply forms 7 1.2.2 Additive delivery 9 1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives 9 1.4 Analysis of plastics 11 1.4.1 Regulations and standardisation 15 1.4.2 Prior art 17 1.4.3 Databases 19 1.4.4 Scope 20 1.4.5 Chapter overview 22 1.5 Bibliography 23 1.5.1 Plastics additives 23 1.5.2 Processing technologies 23 1.5.3 Instrumental analysis 23 1.5.4 Polymer analysis 24 1.5.5 Polymer/additive analysis 24 1.6 References 24 Chapter 2 Deformulation Principles 29 2.1 Polymer identification 30 2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’ 32 2.3 Polymer extract analysis 42 2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis 46 2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis 47 2.6 Bibliography 48 2.6.1 Polymer identification 48 2.6.2 Deformulation of rubbers 48 2.6.3 Deformulation of polymers 48 2.7 References 48 Chapter 3 Sample Preparation Perspectives 51 3.1 Solvents 54 3.1.1 Polymer solubility criteria 55 3.1.2 Solubility parameters 55 3.1.3 Polymer solutions 56 3.2 Extraction strategy 57 3.3 Conventional extraction technologies 59 3.3.1 Liquid–liquid extraction 60 3.3.2 Liquid–solid extraction 60 3.3.3 Classical solvent extractions of additives from polymers 61 3.3.4 Sonication 75 3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods 81 3.4.1 Supercritical fluid technology 81 3.4.2 Analytical SFE 85 3.4.3 Subcritical water extraction 100 3.4.4 Microwave technology 101 3.4.5 Microwave-assisted extractions 104 3.4.6 Pressurised fluid extraction 117 3.5 Sorbent extraction 123 3.5.1 Solid-phase extraction 124 3.5.2 Solid-phase microextraction 129 3.5.3 Stir bar sorptive extraction 133 3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods 134 3.6.1 Experimental comparisons 136 3.6.2 Extraction selectivity 138 3.6.3 ‘Nonextractable’ additive analysis 140 3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods 146 3.8 Hydrolysis 152 3.9 Bibliography 155 3.9.1 Sampling and sample preparation 155 3.9.2 Solvents/solubility 155 3.9.3 Extraction methods 156 3.10 References 156 Chapter 4 Separation Techniques 171 4.1 Analytical detectors 177 4.2 Gas chromatography 181 4.2.1 High-temperature gas chromatography 200 4.2.2 Headspace gas chromatography 202 4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography 205 4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques 217 4.4.1 Planar chromatographies 218 4.4.2 Column chromatographies 230 4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 273 4.6 Bibliography 278 4.6.1 General texts 278 4.6.2 Detectors 279 4.6.3 Gas chromatography 279 4.6.4 Supercritical fluid chromatography 279 4.6.5 Thin-layer chromatography 279 4.6.6 Liquid chromatography 280 4.6.7 Size-exclusion chromatography 280 4.6.8 Ion chromatography 280 4.6.9 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 280 4.7 References 281 Chapter 5 Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative 299 5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 302 5.2 Infrared spectroscopy 311 5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy 318 5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 323 5.4.1 Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy 336 5.5 Bibliography 342 5.5.1 General spectroscopy 342 5.5.2 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 342 5.5.3 Infrared spectroscopy 342 5.5.4 Luminescence spectroscopy 342 5.5.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 342 5.6 References 342 Chapter 6 Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods 349 6.1 Basic instrumentation 351 6.1.1 Inlet systems 352 6.1.2 Modes of detection 353 6.1.3 Mass resolution 354 6.1.4 Isotope distributions 354 6.1.5 Accurate mass measurements 355 6.2 Ion sources 357 6.2.1 Electron impact ionisation 360 6.2.2 Chemical ionisation 362 6.2.3 Metastable atom bombardment 367 6.2.4 Fast atom bombardment 367 6.2.5 Field ionisation 372 6.2.6 Field desorption 374 6.2.7 Thermospray ionisation 376 6.2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionization techniques 378 6.2.9 Desorption/ionisation methods 383 6.2.10 Photoionisation techniques 385 6.3 Mass analysers 386 6.3.1 Sector analysers 387 6.3.2 Quadrupole mass spectrometers 389 6.3.3 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry 390 6.3.4 Quadrupole ion trap 393 6.3.5 Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 395 6.3.6 Tandem mass spectrometry 398 6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis 407 6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry 415 6.6 Bibliography 417 6.6.1 Mass spectrometry (General) 417 6.6.2 Mass spectrometers 417 6.6.3 Ionisation modes 417 6.7 References 418 Chapter 7 Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis 425 7.1 Precolumn hyphenation 428 7.1.1 Chromatographic sampling methods 432 7.2 Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy/spectrometry 449 7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation 452 7.3.1 (Multi) hyphenated GC techniques 456 7.3.2 (Multi) hyphenated SFC techniques 475 7.3.3 (Multi) hyphenated HPLC techniques 489 7.3.4 Hyphenated SEC techniques 527 7.3.5 Hyphenated TLC techniques 530 7.3.6 Hyphenated CE techniques 543 7.4 Multidimensional chromatography 545 7.4.1 Multidimensional gas chromatography 548 7.4.2 Multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography 550 7.4.3 Multidimensional liquid chromatography 550 7.4.4 Multidimensional thin-layer chromatography 558 7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy 560 7.6 Bibliography 562 7.6.1 General 562 7.6.2 Multihyphenation and multidimensionality 563 7.6.3 Precolumn hyphenation 563 7.6.4 Postcolumn hyphenation 563 7.6.5 Multidimensional chromatography 563 7.6.6 Multidimensional spectroscopy 563 7.7 References 564 Chapter 8 Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods 585 8.1 Element analytical protocols 587 8.1.1 Element analytical pretreatment protocols 588 8.1.2 Elemental analysis methods 589 8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis 591 8.2.1 Combustion analysis 593 8.2.2 Wet matrix digestion 597 8.2.3 Fusion methods 604 8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry 605 8.3.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry 608 8.3.2 Atomic emission spectrometry 613 8.3.3 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry 624 8.3.4 Direct spectrometric analysis of solid samples 625 8.4 X-ray spectrometry 627 8.4.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 628 8.4.2 Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry 639 8.4.3 X-ray absorption spectrometry 642 8.4.4 X-ray diffraction 644 8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry 648 8.5.1 Spark-source mass spectrometry 650 8.5.2 Glow-discharge mass spectrometry 651 8.5.3 Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry 652 8.5.4 Isotope dilution mass spectrometry 659 8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods 662 8.6.1 Activation analysis 663 8.7 Electroanalytical techniques 666 8.7.1 Potentiometric methods 668 8.7.2 Voltammetric methods 669 8.7.3 Coulometric methods 673 8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis 674 8.9 Bibliography 677 8.9.1 Sampling and sample preparation 677 8.9.2 Atomic spectrometry 677 8.9.3 X-ray spectrometry 678 8.9.4 Inorganic mass spectrometry 678 8.9.5 Nuclear analytical methods 679 8.9.6 Trace-element analysis 679 8.9.7 Electroanalysis 679 8.9.8 Speciation analysis 679 8.10 References 679 Chapter 9 Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions 691 9.1 Chromatographic methods 692 9.1.1 Size-exclusion chromatography 693 9.2 Spectroscopic techniques 696 9.2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 696 9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods 701 9.3.1 MALDI-MS analysis of polymer/additive dissolutions 702 9.4 References 709 Chapter 10 A Vision for the Future 711 10.1 Trends in polymer technology 712 10.2 Trends in additive technology 715 10.2.1 Advances in additives 717 10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints 723 10.3.1 Trends in manufacturing, processing and formulation 724 10.4 Analytical consequences 725 10.4.1 General analytical tool development 728 10.4.2 Future trends in polymer/additive analysis 729 10.4.3 Analytical challenges 739 10.4.4 Polymer/additive analysis at the extremes 740 10.4.5 Advanced polymer/additive deformulation schemes 743 10.5 Epilogue 746 10.6 Bibliography 747 10.7 References 747 Appendix I List of Symbols 751 Appendix II Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resin 773 Appendix III Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets 793 Index 803


Best Sellers


Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780470850626
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Publisher Imprint: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Height: 248 mm
  • No of Pages: 840
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: Industrial Analysis and Applications
  • Width: 196 mm
  • ISBN-10: 0470850620
  • Publisher Date: 04 Feb 2005
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Language: English
  • Returnable: N
  • Spine Width: 54 mm
  • Weight: 1928 gr


Similar Products

Add Photo
Add Photo

Customer Reviews

REVIEWS      0     
Click Here To Be The First to Review this Product
Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications
John Wiley & Sons Inc -
Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications
Writing guidlines
We want to publish your review, so please:
  • keep your review on the product. Review's that defame author's character will be rejected.
  • Keep your review focused on the product.
  • Avoid writing about customer service. contact us instead if you have issue requiring immediate attention.
  • Refrain from mentioning competitors or the specific price you paid for the product.
  • Do not include any personally identifiable information, such as full names.

Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications

Required fields are marked with *

Review Title*
Review
    Add Photo Add up to 6 photos
    Would you recommend this product to a friend?
    Tag this Book Read more
    Does your review contain spoilers?
    What type of reader best describes you?
    I agree to the terms & conditions
    You may receive emails regarding this submission. Any emails will include the ability to opt-out of future communications.

    CUSTOMER RATINGS AND REVIEWS AND QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS TERMS OF USE

    These Terms of Use govern your conduct associated with the Customer Ratings and Reviews and/or Questions and Answers service offered by Bookswagon (the "CRR Service").


    By submitting any content to Bookswagon, you guarantee that:
    • You are the sole author and owner of the intellectual property rights in the content;
    • All "moral rights" that you may have in such content have been voluntarily waived by you;
    • All content that you post is accurate;
    • You are at least 13 years old;
    • Use of the content you supply does not violate these Terms of Use and will not cause injury to any person or entity.
    You further agree that you may not submit any content:
    • That is known by you to be false, inaccurate or misleading;
    • That infringes any third party's copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret or other proprietary rights or rights of publicity or privacy;
    • That violates any law, statute, ordinance or regulation (including, but not limited to, those governing, consumer protection, unfair competition, anti-discrimination or false advertising);
    • That is, or may reasonably be considered to be, defamatory, libelous, hateful, racially or religiously biased or offensive, unlawfully threatening or unlawfully harassing to any individual, partnership or corporation;
    • For which you were compensated or granted any consideration by any unapproved third party;
    • That includes any information that references other websites, addresses, email addresses, contact information or phone numbers;
    • That contains any computer viruses, worms or other potentially damaging computer programs or files.
    You agree to indemnify and hold Bookswagon (and its officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures, employees and third-party service providers, including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc.), harmless from all claims, demands, and damages (actual and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown including reasonable attorneys' fees, arising out of a breach of your representations and warranties set forth above, or your violation of any law or the rights of a third party.


    For any content that you submit, you grant Bookswagon a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, transferable right and license to use, copy, modify, delete in its entirety, adapt, publish, translate, create derivative works from and/or sell, transfer, and/or distribute such content and/or incorporate such content into any form, medium or technology throughout the world without compensation to you. Additionally,  Bookswagon may transfer or share any personal information that you submit with its third-party service providers, including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc. in accordance with  Privacy Policy


    All content that you submit may be used at Bookswagon's sole discretion. Bookswagon reserves the right to change, condense, withhold publication, remove or delete any content on Bookswagon's website that Bookswagon deems, in its sole discretion, to violate the content guidelines or any other provision of these Terms of Use.  Bookswagon does not guarantee that you will have any recourse through Bookswagon to edit or delete any content you have submitted. Ratings and written comments are generally posted within two to four business days. However, Bookswagon reserves the right to remove or to refuse to post any submission to the extent authorized by law. You acknowledge that you, not Bookswagon, are responsible for the contents of your submission. None of the content that you submit shall be subject to any obligation of confidence on the part of Bookswagon, its agents, subsidiaries, affiliates, partners or third party service providers (including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc.)and their respective directors, officers and employees.

    Accept

    New Arrivals

    Inspired by your browsing history


    Your review has been submitted!

    You've already reviewed this product!