Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health

Created for those who have little experience with statistics, or for those who need to keep a concise reference book on hand, this newly updated handbook provides an introductory guide to basic statistics and data analysis. Using step-by-step methods and both examples and applications common to safety professionals, including loss control consultants and occupational health nurses, this new edition makes understanding the "math" side of the job easier. Readers will learn how to apply appropriate statistical procedures to commonly encountered situations, how to perform each statistical test, how to executive inferential statistics for parametric and non-parametric procedures, and how to use descriptive statistical concepts to summarize data. The author ends each chapter with a chapter summary and review exercises. He also includes extensive illustrations, easy-to-read charts and tables, a glossary of statistical terms, a comprehensive index, solutions to sample problems, and five appendices containing statistical tables with their appropriate uses. This third edition provides new examples and numerous updates.

Table of Contents:
Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface About the Author 1 Fundamentals of Statistics Statistics and Their Use in Safety Statistics Defined Common Terms and Notations Quantitative and Qualitative Data Statistical Notations Research Questions and Hypotheses Types of Studies  Retrospective Studies  Prospective Studies  Experiments Statistical Samples versus Statistical Populations Bias Probability Sample Selection Procedures Sampling Techniques   Random Samples  Simple Random Samples  Cluster Samples  Stratified Random Samples Nonprobability Sample Selection Procedures  Chunk Sampling  Volunteer Samples Variables  Dependent and Independent Variables Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 2 Probability and Chance Probability Marginal Probabilities  Joint Event Probabilities Union Probabilities  Conditional Probabilities Factorials, Permutations, Ordered Combinations, and Combinations Factorials  Permutations  Combinations Binomial Probabilities Poisson Probability Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 3 Distributions Statistical Distributions and Populations Frequencies Histograms Frequency Polygons Percentages, Cumulative Percentages, and Percentiles Normal Distribution Binomial Distribution t Distribution Chi-square Distribution F Distribution Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 4 Descriptive Statistics Data Formats  Categorical Data  Ordinal Data  Interval Data  Ratio Data Strength of the Data Formats Measures of Central Tendency  Mean  Median  Mode Measures of Variability  Range  Variance  Standard Deviation  Interquartile Range z Scores   z Scores and Percentages of the Population Confidence Intervals for Means  95% Confidence Intervals  99% Confidence Intervals  Interpreting Confidence Intervals Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 5 Statistical Tests Statistical Hypotheses Inferential Statistical Testing Type I and Type II Errors Alpha Levels Statistical Power of a Test Inferential Statistics Test Procedure  Developing a Statistical Hypothesis  Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test or Procedure  Determining the Statistical Distribution  Determining Significance Levels  Formulating a Decision Rule  Running the Test  Formulating a Conclusion and Making a Decision Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 6 Inferential Statistics for Means z-Test Comparing a Sample Mean to a Known Population Mean Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Determine Significance Levels  Using a z Table  Formulate a Decision Rule  z Test Formula  Conclusions  Example z Test Problem Independent Samples z-Test Test Assumptions  IndependentSamples z-Test Formula  ExampleIndependent Samples z-test Problem  Hypothesis Construction Conclusions  Example z Test Problem t –Test for a Single Mean  Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  t Test Hypotheses  Determine Significance Levels  Formulate a Decision Rule  t-Test Formula for a Single Mean  Conclusions  Example t-Test Problem t-Test for Independent Samples Paired Samples t-Tests   Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Determine Significance Levels  Formulate a Decision Rule  Test Formula  Conclusions  Example Paired Samples t-Test Problem One-way Analysis of Variance  Procedure Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Procedure Formulas  Hypothesis Construction  Formulate a Decision Rule  Calculate F Ratio  Conclusions Post Hoc Procedures Tukey’s HSD  Calculate Tukey’s HSD  Formulate a Decision Rule  Example ANOVA Problem  Formulate a Decision Rule  Calculate F ratio  Conclusions  Run Post Hoc Tests Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 7 Correlation and Regression Correlation  Pearson Correlation Coefficient  Assumptions  Pearson Correlation Coefficient Formula  Sample Problem  Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients  Test Hypotheses  Test Formula  Sample Problem  Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient  Assumptions  Spearman Rank–Order Correlation Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Phi Coefficient  Assumptions  Phi Coefficient Formula  Sample Problem Point Biserial Correlation  Assumptions  Point Biserial Correlation Formula Sample Problem  Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients Linear Regression  Procedure Assumptions   Linear RegressionFormulas  Sample Problem Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 8 Nonparametric Statistics Underlying Assumptions Concerning Nonparametric Statistics Chi-square Test for Goodness of Fit  Degrees of Freedom  Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula   Determining theCritical Value  Sample Problem c2 Test of Independence Degrees of Freedom  Expected Number of Cases  Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula  Sample Problem Cochran’s Q Test Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Cochran’s Q Test Formula Sample Problem Cochran's Q Test  Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula  Sample Problem Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 9 Survey Research Types of Survey Studies Collecting and Maintaining Survey Data Outline for Planning a Survey Constructing the Instrument Types of Survey Items Forms of Questions  Unstructured Questions  Structured Questions Rating Scales Likert Scales Semantic Differential Scales Formatting Questionnaires for the Mail Sound Survey Research Procedures  Measurable Objective  Representative Population  Match the Hypothesis to the Statistical Tests  Conduct Background Research  Instrument Validity and Reliability  Cover Letters and Instructions  Sampling for Surveys  Calculating Sample Sizes  Survey Research Limitations  Pilot Testing  Permission to Use Human Subjects Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 10 Experimental Design Experimental Design Uses Research Hypotheses and Experimental Design Dependent and Independent Variables Types of Experimental Designs  One-way ANOVA  Completely Randomized Design  Randomized Block Design  Latin Square Design  Completely Randomized Factorial Design Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 11 Presenting Research Data Presentation for Safety Professionals Displaying Descriptive Statistics  Displaying Tables  Column Charts  Pie Charts Presenting Inferential Statistics  z-Tests and t-Tests  Example Results from a Paired t-Test Procedure  One-way Analysis of Variance  Correlation Procedures  Regression Procedures  Nonparametric Procedures Using Computer Software to Develop Presentations  Sample Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel  Developing Presentations Using Microsoft Office Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises Appendix Statistical Tables  Cumulative Distribution Function for the Standard Normal Random Variable  Critical Values for the t Distribution  Critical Values for the Chi-square Distribution  Critical Values for the F Distribution  Table of Random Units  Critical Values of the Studentized Range Glossary References Solutions to Selected Problems Index

About the Author :
Christopher A. Janicak, Ph.D., CSP, ARM, is a Professor of Safety and Graduate Program Coordinator at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Department of Safety Sciences. Dr. Janicak has over 20 years of professional experience in safety as a loss control consultant, safety manager, and university professor. He has presented at many national and international conferences, and has published books, book chapters, and journal articles in the field of occupational safety.