A History of Papua New Guinea

This sweeping history chronicles the epic journey of the world's second-largest island, a land of staggering diversity and profound contrasts. The narrative begins in the mists of deep time, some 60,000 years ago, with the arrival of humanity's earliest seafarers on the great continent of Sahul. It explores the dawn of one of the world's first agricultural revolutions in the highlands, a testament to ancient ingenuity, and details the arrival of the seafaring Lapita people who forever shaped the culture of the coasts. Delving into the complex pre-colonial societies, it reveals a world of thousands of distinct cultures connected by intricate networks of trade, ritual, and warfare, long before the first European ships appeared on the horizon. The arrival of European explorers, traders, and colonial administrators in the 19th century marked a dramatic and often violent turning point. This history meticulously documents the arbitrary division of the island between German, British, and Dutch powers, and the divergent paths these colonial territories would take. It brings to life the chaos of the gold rushes that first opened the interior and the cataclysm of World War II, in which the island became a brutal battleground, an experience that shattered the old colonial order and planted the seeds of a new national consciousness among its people. The book charts the remarkable and rapid path from post-war territory to sovereign nation. It follows the political awakening of the 1960s, the rise of the nation's first political party, the Pangu Pati, and the masterful leadership of a young Michael Somare, who navigated the treacherous currents of regional division and Australian policy to steer his country to a peaceful independence on September 16, 1975. The narrative does not end with the raising of the flag, but unflinchingly examines the turbulent early decades of nationhood, marked by chronic political instability and the constant challenge of forging a unified state from a thousand disparate tribes. From the heart-wrenching tragedy of the Bougainville civil war to the political earthquake of the Sandline Affair, this account explores the profound trials that have tested the young nation. It analyzes the paradox of the "resource curse," a story of massive mining and gas booms existing alongside persistent poverty and social unrest. The final chapters bring the story into the 21st century, detailing the historic 2019 Bougainville independence referendum, the complex challenges of modern governance, and the vibrant, resilient cultures that continue to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing world. It is the definitive story of how one of the most culturally diverse places on Earth became a single, complex, and fascinating nation.