AI Database Convergence: (3 Applying AI to Science)

AI marks a pivotal transformation in how we think about databases. No longer merely repositories for storing and retrieving information, databases have evolved into intelligent systems that learn, adapt, and actively participate in decision-making processes. AI Database Convergence explores how this fusion is reshaping enterprise computing. Traditional databases were designed as passive systems, optimized for reliability and speed but requiring constant human oversight. Today's databases are becoming autonomous entities that use machine learning to optimize their own performance, predict and prevent failures, and validate their own data. Major vendors, such as Oracle, Microsoft, and IBM, have embedded AI deep into their database engines, creating systems that can automatically adjust indexes, correct query plans in real-time, and recover from failures without human intervention. Oracle Database 23c exemplifies this trend, introducing over 300 new capabilities focused on artificial intelligence and machine learning integration. AI Database Convergence examines how AI enhances databases from within, starting with query optimization, a problem that has challenged database architects for decades. Traditional optimizers relied on statistical estimates and fixed algorithms, often producing suboptimal plans for complex queries. Now, systems like IBM Db2 utilize AI optimizers that learn from actual execution patterns, continually improving their ability to estimate costs and select efficient strategies. The book explores how databases must evolve to support AI workloads. Vector databases enable semantic search and retrieval, as well as augmented generation, for chatbots, recommendation engines, and fraud detection. Traditional databases, such as PostgreSQL with pgvector and Oracle Database 23ai, are incorporating vector capabilities directly, allowing organizations to run AI workloads where their data already resides. Graph databases enable real-time fraud detection in the financial services industry. Hybrid Transaction and Analytical Processing databases handle both high-volume transactions and complex analytical queries on the same data in real time, enabling banks to process payments while simultaneously running fraud detection queries within milliseconds. AI Database Convergence reaches beyond current production systems into emerging frontiers. Chapter 12 presents an educational self-improving optimizer project available at https: //github.com/alessoh/self-improving-db-optimizer. Unlike current database optimizers that rely on statistical cost models and batch analysis, this project demonstrates how reinforcement learning architectures could enable databases to learn continuously from every query execution. The three-tier hierarchical learning system encompasses operational query plan selection through Deep Q-Networks, tactical policy learning that analyzes execution patterns, and strategic meta-learning using genetic algorithms to optimize the learning architecture itself. The chapter provides a comprehensive roadmap for transitioning the demonstration into a production deployment, covering query plan control, intelligent index management, workload classification, enhanced safety mechanisms, and operational tooling. Chapter 13 provides a rigorous comparison between Oracle Database 23ai's production AI capabilities and the experimental self-improving optimizer architecture. While Oracle 23ai uses machine learning for automatic indexing and enhanced cardinality estimation, it fundamentally relies on the proven cost-based optimizer with machine learning enhancements applied offline. Oracle's approach prioritizes predictability, safety, and enterprise-grade reliability over cutting-edge learning techniques.