Rural Development: Capitalist and Socialist Paths

Public policy is becoming increasingly important in most of the developing countries and the overall development of the society has come to rest on policies pursued by the State. In India a number of public policies for rural development have been launched after the advent of Independence. Of these, the Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) is considered a very vital and significant one. Its importance stems from its objective to help the rural poor to cross the poverty line and raise the level of productivity in the rural sector. The SFDA (now called Integrated Rural Development Programme) has been in existence for about a decade and millions of rupees have been spent under this scheme. Therefore, a frank evaluation of this policy is called for which would help us in not only understanding the nature and impact of a public policy but the scope and limitation of this instrument in bringing about socio-economic development. The present study seeks to examine not only the viability and impact of the schemes, but also the adequacy and suitability of the existing administrative structures, the role of the pyraveekar--a middleman--and the participation of the target groups in the programme. In examining these factors a detailed analysis of schemes launched by the SFDA is done and their impact on different categories of target groups, namely the small fanners, the marginal farmers and the agricultural labourers is also studied. It shows how the organisation (including its structures) at the grassroots level and its socio-behavioural dimensions conditions the effectiveness of the SFDA. The study shows how crucial is the role played by the bureaucracy in implementing the anti-poverty programmes. An interesting and important aspect of rural development which has gone unnoticed by the researchers in the field and is brought to light by this study is the pyraveekar, 'the fixer', on whom many rural poor depend to get their work done. Finally, the scope for the participation of the target groups in the implementation of the public policy is described in detail. The bock seeks to examine a vital developmental scheme m its larger policy perspective and socioeconomic framework. This is the first in tb series of studies on public policy to be brou' out by the Centre.

About the Author :
R. P. Misra, now Vice-chancellor fof Allahabad University, is an eminent scholar of development studies, urban and regional planning and rural economics. Among the positions he has Professor of Geography and pfDirector, Institute of Development Studies, University of Mysore; and Vice Director, United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, Japan. He has been closely associated with development programmes in the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Fiji, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria, Brazil and Argentina on behalf of the United Nations. Author of over ten books, and editor of twenty five volumes on emerging development issues, he has been a frequent contributor to learned journals on regional planning, urban and rural development and environmental problems. While at the UNCRD, he undertook a multinational comparative study on regional development alternatives in predominantly rural societies. Eight countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America came under the marathon study involving painstaking on-the-spot investigations helped by local consultants and governments. This series of five volumes is the outcome of this pioneering effort. K. V. Sundaram, a well-known geographer and regional planner is now Joint Adviser, Planning Commission of India. S. N. Misra is Senior Reader in Law, University of Allahabad. Taherul Islam is Chairman, Department of Economics and Director, Bureau of Economic Research, University of Dacca, Bangladesh.