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Home > Society and Social Sciences > Education > مدخل إلى نظريات التعلم - Introduction to Learning Theories
مدخل إلى نظريات التعلم - Introduction to Learning Theories

مدخل إلى نظريات التعلم - Introduction to Learning Theories


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About the Book

تُعد نظريات التعلم حجر الأساس لفهم كيفية اكتساب الإنسان للمعرفة والمهارات. من أوائل من تناول التعلم كان ثورندايك بنظريته "التعلم بالمحاولة والخطأ"، حيث رأى أن التعلم يحدث من خلال التكرار ومحاولة الربط بين المثير والاستجابة،

أما بافلوف، فقد قدم نظرية "التعلم الشرطي الكلاسيكي"، موضحًا كيف يمكن لمثير محايد أن يكتسب القدرة على استحضار استجابة معينة عند اقترانه بمثير طبيعي، كما في تجربته الشهيرة على الكلاب.

وجاء بياجيه بنظرية "النمو المعرفي"، التي تُركز على تطور البنية الذهنية للأطفال عبر مراحل متتابعة (الحسية، ما قبل العمليات، العمليات المادية، والعمليات الصورية)، مؤكدًا أن التعلم ينبع من التفاعل بين الطفل والبيئة.

في السياق الإدراكي، قدّم علماء الجشطلت نظرية "التعلم بالاستبصار"، التي تركز على الفهم المفاجئ لحل المشكلة من خلال إدراك العلاقات بين العناصر، لا من خلال المحاولة والخطأ.

بينما طرح سكنر نظرية "التعلم الشرطي الإجرائي"، والتي تقوم على التعزيز والعقاب، حيث تُعزز السلوكيات المرغوبة بالتكرار من خلال المكافآت، وتُضعف السلوكيات غير المرغوبة بالعقاب.

وقدّم جاثري نظرية "التعلم بالاقتران"، مؤكدًا أن الاستجابة تتكون بمجرد حدوث الاقتران بين المثير والاستجابة في المرة الأولى، دون الحاجة للتكرار.

أما كلارك هل فركز على دور الدوافع في نظريته "نظرية الحافز"، معتبرًا أن التعلم يتأثر بمستوى الحافز لدى الفرد، وأن التعزيز ضروري لتقوية الارتباطات السلوكية.

وجاء باندورا بنظريته "التعلم الاجتماعي أو بالملاحظة"، مبرزًا أهمية التعلم من خلال مشاهدة الآخرين وتقليدهم، دون الحاجة إلى خبرة مباشرة، مع التركيز على عمليات الانتباه والحفظ والتكرار والدافعية.

أخيرًا، توضح نظرية التعلم المستند إلى الدماغ كيف يتأثر التعلم بعمل الدماغ ووظائفه، مشيرة إلى أن التعلم الفعّال يتطلب بيئة محفزة ومتكاملة تراعي الجوانب الانفعالية والاجتماعية والمعرفية، وتستند إلى فهم عميق لتركيب الدماغ وآلياته.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9786038151105
  • Publisher: Rushd Bookstore
  • Publisher Imprint: Rushd Bookstore
  • ISBN-10: 6038151109
  • Publisher Date: 13 Aug 2014


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