Handbook of Glycosyltransferases and Related Genes

This handbook, now in a new, second edition, is an essential resource for scientists with an interest in the role of glycosyltransferases and related genes involved in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. The first edition of the Handbook of Glycosyltransferases and Related Genes, published in 2002, contained descriptions of more than 100 mammalian genes by over 100 scientists who originally isolated and/or cloned these genes. Since then, there has been a growing body of evidence concerning the roles of glycosyltransferases, and additional glycosyltransferases have been identified. Now more than 200 glycosyltransferases have been isolated from mammalian tissue, corresponding to approximately 1–2% of the total human genome. Some have been found to be involved in development and reproduction, signal transduction, cell death, higher nervous functioning, immunity, and other important biological processes. Glycosyltransferases have also been implicated in the development of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cancer,chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), neuromuscular diseases, and infectious diseases. A functional glycomics approach using gene targeting in mice and analytical methods utilizing glycan arrays, lectin arrays, HPLC, and mass spectrometry identified the target glycoprotein(s) on which glycans are attached by the catalytic reaction of glycosyltransferases. Most of the target proteins have been shown to be cell surface membrane proteins such as growth factor receptors and transporters. The three-dimensional structures of some glycosyltransferases have also been characterized, making it possible to classify them into retaining and inverting enzymes. Such structural information is also included in this invaluable new edition.

Table of Contents:
Part 1 Glucosyltransferases.- 1 Beta-1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GALTL).- 2 Protein O-glucosyltransferases rumi (RUMI).- 3 UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG).- 4 UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1,2 (UGGT1,2).- Part 2 Galactosyltransferases.- 5 Alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2, pseudogene (A3GALT2P).- 6 Core 1 beta 3Galactosyltransferase (C1GalT1, T-synthase) and its Specific Molecular Chaperone Cosmc (C1GalT1C1).- 7 Glycoprotein alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 1, pseudogene (GGTA1P).- 8 UDP-Gal:betaGal beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase polypeptide 6 (B3GALT6).- 9 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1,2 (B3GALT1,2).- 10 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4 (B3GALT4).- 11 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5 (B3GALT5).- 12 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1).- 13 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2-6; xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 7 (galactosyltransferase I) (B4GALT2-7).- 14 UDP-Gal:ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8).- 15 UDP-Gal:lactosylceramide alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (A4GALT).- Part 3 Mannosyltransferases.- 16 Protein O-mannosyl-transferase 1,2 (POMT1,2).- Part 4 N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases.- 17 Alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (A4GNT).- 18 Beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (GCNT3).- 19 Beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltrasnsferase 1 (GCNT1) (C2GnT-L)and Beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltrasnsferase 3 (GCNT4) (C2GnT-T).- 20 Fringe (UDP-GlcNAc: O-fucosylpeptide ß1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase).- 21 Mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT1).- 22 Mannosyl(alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, isozyme A,B (MGAT4A,B).- 23 Mannosyl (alpha-1,3[6?]-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, isozyme C (putative) (MGAT4C).- 24 Mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT2).- 25 Mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase, isozyme B (MGAT5B).- 26 Mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase (MGAT5).- 27 Mannosyl (beta-1,4-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT3); β1,4-N- Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III, GlcNAc-T III).- 28 N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (GCNT2) (IGnT).- 29 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase) (OGT).- 30 Protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGNT1).- 31 UDP-GlcNAc: beta-Gal beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 (B3GNT6) (Core 3 synthase, C3GnT).- 32 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1), i-enzyme (iGnT).- 33 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2).- 34 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (B3GNT3).- 35 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 (B3GNT5, Lc3Cer synthase).- 36 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7 (B3GNT7).- 37 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8 (B3GNT8).- Part 5 N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.- 38 Beta-1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1,2 (B4GALNT1,2).- 39 Beta1,3-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2).- 40 Beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-3 (B4GALNT3) and beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-4 (B4GALNT4).- 41 Globoside alpha-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GBGT1).- 42 Histo-blood Group A and B Transferases, Their Gene Structures, and Common O Group Gene Structures.-43 Histo-blood Group A Variants, O Variants, and Their Alleles.- 44 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 4 (B3GNT4).- 45 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts).- Part 6 Fucosyltransferases.- 46 Fucosyltransferase 3. GDP-fucose lactosamine α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase. Lea and Leb histo-blood groups (FUT3, Lewis enzyme).- 47 Fucosyltransferase 4. GDP-fucose lactosamine α1,3-fucosyltransferase. Myeloid specific (FUT4).- 48 Fucosyltransferase 5. GDP-fucose lactosamine α3/4-fucosyltransferase (FUT5).- 49 Fucosyltransferase 6. GDP-fucose lactosamine α3-fucosyltransferase (FUT6).- 50 Fucosyltransferase 7. GDP-fucose lactosamine α1,3-fucosyltransferase. Sialyl-Lex specific (FUT7).- 51 Fucosyltransferase 8. GDP-fucose N-glycan core α6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8).- 52 Fucosyltransferase 9. GDP-fucose lactosamine α1,3-fucosyltransferase. Lex specific (FUT9).- 53 Fucosyltransferases 1, 2. GDP-fucose galactoside α2-fucosyltransferases. FUT1 or H blood group, FUT2 or ABH secretor status and Sec1 (FUT1, FUT2, Sec1).- 54 Fucosyltransferases 10, 11. GDP-fucose N-glycan core α1,3-fucosyltransferases (FUT10, FUT11).- 55 Fucosyltransferases 12, 13: Protein O-fucosyltransferases 1 and 2 (POFUT1, POFUT2).- Part 7 Sialyltransferases.- 56 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1).- 57 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 (ST3GAL2).- 58 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 3 (ST3GAL3).- 59 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (ST3GAL4).- 60 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 5 (ST3GAL5).- 61 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 6 (ST3GAL6).- 62 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase 1 (ST6GAL1).- 63 ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase 2 (ST6GAL2).- 64 ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GALNAC1).- 65 ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 (ST6GALNAC2).- 66ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 3 (ST6GALNAC3).- 67 ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 4 (ST6GALNAC4).- 68 ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 5,6 (ST6GALNAC5,6).- 69 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 1 (ST8SIA1).- 70 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 2 (ST8SIA2).- 71 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 3 (ST8SIA3).- 72 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4 (ST8SIA4).- 73 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 5 (ST8SIA5).- 74 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 6 (ST8SIA6).- Part 8 Glucuronyltransferases.- 75 Beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (glucuronosyltransferase P); beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 2 (B3GAT1,2).- 76 Beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (glucuronosyltransferase I) (B3GAT3).- Part 9 GAG polymerase and related enzymes.- 77 Chondroitin polymerizing factor, chondroitin polymerizing factor 2, chondroitin sulfate synthase 1,3 (CHPF, CHPF2, CHSY1, CHSY3).- 78 Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1,2 (CSGALNACT1,2).- 79 Dermatan sulfate epimerases (DSE, DSEL).- 80 Exostoses (multiple)-like 1-3 (EXTL1-3).- 81 Exostosin 1,2(EXT1,2).- 82 Heparin-heparansulfate related GlcA C5-epimerase.- 83 Hyaluronan synthase 1-3 (HAS1-3).- 84 Xylosyltransferase I,II (XYLT1,2).- Part 10 Sulfotransferases.- 85 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10 (CHST10).- 86 Carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11-13 (CHST11-13).- 87 Carbohydrate (chondroitin 6) sulfotransferase 3; carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 7 (CHST3,7).- 88 Carbohydrate (keratan sulfate Gal-6) sulfotransferase 1 (CHST1).- 89 Carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0) sulfotransferase 14 (CHST14).- 90 Carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O) sulfotransferase 15 (CHST15).- 91 Carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 4 (CHST4).- 92 Carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O) sulfotransferase 5 and 6 (CHST5,6).- 93 Carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine-6-O) sulfotransferase 2(CHST2).- 94 Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 1-4 (GAL3ST1-4).- 95 Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST).- 96 Heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1-6 (HS3ST1-6).- 97 Heparan-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1-3 (HS6ST1-3).- 98 N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfotransferase-1 (GalNAc-4-ST1, CHST8) and N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfotransferase-2 (GalNAc-4-ST2, CHST9).- 99 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan glucosaminyl) 1 (NDST1).- 100 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan glucosaminyl) 2 (NDST2).- 101 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan glucosaminyl) 3,4 (NDST3,4).- 102 Uronyl-2-sulfotransferase (UST).- Part 11 Glycosyltransferase-like proteins (inplicated in alpha-dystrogly).- 103 Fukutin and fukutin-related protein (FKRP).- 104 Like-glycosyltransferase; glycosyltransferase-like 1B (LARGE, GYLTL1B).- Part 12 GPI anchor biosynthesis.- 105 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GlcNAc transferase): A complex comprised of PIGA, PIGC, PIGH, PIGQ, PIGP, PIGY and DPM2.- 106 GPI mannose extension (PIGM, PIGV, PIGB, PIGZ).- Part 13 N-Glycan precursor biosynthesis, en-bloc transfer and processing.- 107 ALG mannosyltransferases, ER lumen = alpha linkage (ALG3,9,12).- 108 Dolichyl-phosphate (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1 (GlcNAc-1-P transferase) (DPAGT1).- 109 Glucosidase, alpha neutral AB; glucosidase II subunit beta (GANAB, PRKCSH, α-glucosidase II).- 110 Heterodimeric Alg13/Alg14 UDP-GlcNAc transferase (ALG13,14).- 111 Mannosidase, alpha, class 1 (MAN1A1 (Golgi alpha-mannnosidase IA), Man1A2 (Golgi alpha-mannosidase IB), MAN1B1(ER alpha-mannosidase I), MAN1C1 (Golgi alpha-mannosidase IC ).- 112 Mannosidase, alpha, class 2a1 (MAN2A1, Golgi α-mannosidase II).- 113 Mannosidase, alpha, class 2a2 (MAN2A2).- 114 Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (Glucosidase I, MOGS).- 115N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase, gamma subunit; N-acetylglucosamine-1- (GNPTG, GNPTAB).- 116 N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGPA).- 117 OST complex (OST48, Ribophorin I, Ribophorin II, DAD1).- 118 The Alg1, Alg2, and Alg11 Mannosyltransferases of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- Part 14 Nucleotide sugar transporters.- 119 Adenosine 3’-phospho 5’-phosphosulfate transporter 1,2 (PAPST1,2) (SLC35B2,3).- 120 GDP-fucose transporter 1 (SLC35C1).- 121 Solute carrier family 35 (CMP-sialic acid transporter), member A1 (SLC35A1).- 122 Solute carrier family 35 (UDP-galactose transporter), member A2 (SLC35A2).- 123 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter (HFRC1) (SLC35D2).- 124 UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (SLC35B4).- Part 15 Transferase donor substrate biosynthesis and related reactions.- 125 Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CMAS).- 126 Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH).- 127 Dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase (ALG5).- 128 Dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase polypeptide (DPM1-3).- 129 Fucokinase (FUK).- 130 Fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (FPGT ).- 131 GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase A,B (GMPPA,B).- 132 Glucosamine-6 phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT1 / GNA1).- 133 Glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1,2 (GFPT1,2).- 134 Mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI).- 135 N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK).- 136 N-acetylneuraminic acid phosphatase (NANP).- 137 N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (NANS).- 138 Phosphoglucomutase 3 (= phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase) (PGM3).- 139 Phosphomannomutase 1,2 (PMM1,2).- 140 Tissue specific transplantation antigen P35B (= GDP-4-keto-6-D-deoxymannose epimerase-reductase) (TSTA3).- 141 UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE).- 142 UDP-GlcNAc-2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE).- 143 UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH).- 144 UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase 1 (UXS1).- 145 UDP-N-acteylglucosaminepyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1).- BM Appendix.- Map 1: Biosynthetic Pathways of N-Glycans.- Map 2: Biosynthetic Pathways of O-Glycans.- Map 3: Biosynthetic Pathways of Glycosphingolipids.- Map 4: Biosynthetic Pathways of Proteoglycans.- Map 5: Biosynthetic Pathways of GPI-Anchor.

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