The Tetracyclines: (78 Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology)

The history of antibiotics may weIl have begun with the ancient Sudanese-Nubian civilization (see Chapter 1, "Historical Introduction"), but this volume reflects a more contemporary appraisal of the antibiotic era. We have compiled a comprehensive review of the tetracyclines which includes all the major sub­ divisions of these chemically important and clinically useful antibiotics. There can be little doubt about the contribution of antibiotics to both the increase in human life span and the alleviation of much human suffering. The tetracyclines are still playing an important role in these areas and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. We hope this volume will be an important contribution to a better under­ standing of the chemistry, biochemistry, and medical aspects of tetracycline antibiotics. We are indebted to the individual authors who have given so much of their time and effort in the preparation of the chapters. Pearl River, NY J OSEPH J. HLA VKA Ocean Gate, NJ JAMES H. BOOTHE Contents CHAPTER 1 Historical Introduction. J. H. BOOTHE and J. J. HLAVKA References. 3 CHAPTER 2 Fermentation and Mutational Development of the Tetracyclines J. J. GOODMAN A. Introduction 5 B. The Producing Microorganisms . 6 I. Morphology and Ultrastructure 6 11. Mutation and Strain Selection 8 111. Cosynthesis. 13 The Fermentation Process 14 C. I. Inoculum 14 11. Contamination 16 Complex Media. 18 111. IV. Synthetic Media. 27 V. Stimulators and Inhibitors 30 Directed Fermentations 32 VI.

Table of Contents:
1 Historical Introduction.- References.- 2 Fermentation and Mutational Development of the Tetracyclines.- A. Introduction.- B. The Producing Microorganisms.- C. The Fermentation Process.- D. Fermentation Technology.- E. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Structure Determination and Total Synthesis of the Tetracyclines.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure Determination.- C. Partial Synthesis from Derivatives.- D. Total Synthesis of Tetracycline Derivatives and Incomplete Syntheses.- E. Total Synthesis of 6-Demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline.- F. Total Synthesis of Fermentation Tetracyclines.- G. Total Synthesis of Tetracycline Analogues.- References.- 4 Biosynthesis of the Tetracyclines.- A. Introduction.- B. Production Strains.- C. Building Units of Tetracyclines.- D. The Biosynthetic Pathway of Tetracyclines.- E. Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Tetracyclines.- E. Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Tetracyclines.- F. Biosynthesis of Macromolecules and the Production of Tetracyclines.- G. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Chemical Modification of the Tetracyclines.- A. Introduction.- B. Semisynthetic Tetracyclines.- C. Totally Synthetic Unnatural Tetracyclines.- D. Overall Structure-Activity Relationships.- References.- 6 Mode of Action of the Tetracyclines and the Nature of Bacterial Resistance to Them.- A. Introduction.- B. Mode of Action of the Tetracyclines: Studies Before 1964.- C. Current Views on the Nature of Bacterial Protein Synthesis.- D. Effects of Tetracyclines on Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes.- E. Binding of Tetracyclines to Macromolecules.- F. Molecular Basis of Tetracycline Action.- G. Relation Between Structure and Activity in the Tetracyclines.- H. Effects of Growth in the Presence of Low Tetracycline Concentrations on Microbial Metabolism.- I. Selective Toxicityof the Tetracyclines.- J. Transport of Tetracyclines into Bacteria.- K. Plasmid-Determined Resistance to the Tetracyclines.- L. Chromosomal Mutation to Tetracycline Resistance.- M. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Clinical Uses of the Tetracyclines.- A. Antimicrobial Activity.- B. Clinical Uses.- C. Treatment of First Choice.- D. Effective Alternative Treatment.- E. Treatment of Clinical Syndromes.- F. Ineffective Treatment.- G. Dosage and Duration of Therapy.- References.- 8 Nonmedical Uses of the Tetracyclines.- A. Historical.- B. Growth Promotion and Improved Feed Efficiency in Livestock.- C. Disease Prevention Effects of Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline.- D. Public Health Considerations.- E. Government Restrictions.- References.