Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik
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Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik

Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics / Kernstrahlung in der Geophysik


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Die Radioaktivitat von Boden, Wasser und Luft ist ein klassisches Forschungs- gebiet der Geophysik, aus dessen Ergebnissen diese von jeher reichen Nutzen zieht: Fragen nach der Warmebilanz des Erdinnern, nach dem Alter der Erde und dem der Gesteine haben erst von hier aus eine befriedigende Losung gefunden; H ydro- logie und Balneologie verdanken der Radioaktivitat entscheidende Bereicherung; im Rahmen der Prospektion und Bodenforschung hat sie ihren Platz; in der Physik der Atmosphare bietet sie die wesentliche Grundlage zum Verstandnis der atmospharisch-elektrischen Erscheinungen; dem Meteorologen gibt sie neue Moglichkeiten zur Bearbeitung atmospharischer Austausch- und Transport- probleme. Die Moglichkeit der Injektion gewaltiger Mengen radioaktiven Materials in die Atmosphare und das Auftreten kunstlich-radioaktiver Elemente im geo- physikalischen Bereich als Folge von Spaltprozessen oder Wirkungen der kos- mischen Strahlung haben dieser engen Verbindung zwischen Radioaktivitat und Geophysik neue Impulse verliehen. Die im letzten J ahrzehnt gewonnenen neuen Erkenntnisse und Fortschritte ubertreffen bei weitem die in den rund 50 Jahren "klassischer" Periode erworbenen Einsichten und haben dazu neue Probleme, Aufgaben und Moglichkeiten aufgezeigt.

Table of Contents:
Radioactivity of the Lithosphere.- The Rice Institute, Houston Texas (USA). (With 1 Figure).- Zusammenfassung.- A. General considerations.- I. Sampling.- II. Analytical methods.- B. Abundances of natural radioactive nuclei.- I. Types of natural radioactive nuclei.- II. Direct abundance data.- III. Theoretical considerations.- C. Heat effects.- D. Distribution of radioactive elements.- I. Distribution on a global scale.- II. Microdistribution of radioactivity.- E. Radiation damage.- F. Fossil record.- G. Effects on stable isotope abundances.- H. The rock or geochemical cycle.- Selected bibliography.- Radioactivity in Oceanography.- University of Miami. The Marine Laboratory, Miami, Florida (USA). (With 1 Figure).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Introduction.- B. Occurrence of radioactive elements in the oceanic envelope.- I. Primordial radioactive isotopes.- 1. Uranium.- 2. Protactinium.- 3. Thorium.- 4. Radium.- 5. Short-lived daughter products.- 6. Stable lead isotopes.- 7. Rhenium-187.- 8. Rare earths and other heavy elements.- 9. Rubidium-87.- 10. Potassium-40.- II. Cosmic-ray produced radioactive isotopes.- 1. Short half-lived isotopes.- 2. Silicon-32.- 3. Carbon-14.- 4. Beryllium.- 5. Hydrogen-3.- III. Artificial radioactivity.- 1. Strontium-90, cerium-144, promethium-147, and cesium-137.- 2. Chlorine-36.- C. Applications of radioactivity data to oceanographic studies.- I. Atmosphere-ocean interface.- II. Continent-ocean interface.- III. Ocean phase.- IV. Ocean-sediment interface.- D. Future application of radioactivity in oceanography.- References.- Radioactivity in Hydrology.- International Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm (Schweden). (With 2 Figures).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Natural radioactivity of waters.- I. Radioactivity from the uranium and thorium series in rocks.- II. Tritium.- III. Carbon-14.- IV. Other cosmic ray produced radioactive isotopes.- B. Artificially produced radioactive isotopes.- I. Bomb produced.- II. Commercially available radioactive isotopes applied to water for tracing purpose.- C. Water bodies as reservoirs and their characteristics as revealed by radioactive tracer studies.- I. General.- II. Stationary addition of a radioactive tracer.- III. Transient additions.- D. Other applications of radioactive tracers to hydrological problems.- I. Groundwater studies.- II. Mixing problems in lakes and rivers, determinations of stream flow and bed load transports.- III. Miscellaneous applications.- E. Conclusions.- F. Suggestions on future research.- References.- Radioactive Methods of Age Determination.- Jersey Production Research Company, Geological Division, Tulsa, Oklahoma (USA). (With 1 Figure).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Introduction.- B. The carbon-14 chronometer.- C. Potassium-40, argon-40 dating.- D. Rb-Sr dating.- E. Uranium lead method of age determination.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Die natürliche und künstliche Radioaktivität der Atmosphäre.- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (Deutschland). (Mit 7 Figuren).- Summary.- A. Natürliche Radioaktivität.- I. Übersicht.- II. Der atmosphärische radioaktive Kreislauf.- III. Abschätzungen und Bilanz.- B. Künstliche Radioaktivität.- I. Übersicht.- II. Die Spaltprodukte.- III. Zeitliche Variationen.- Literatur.- Erzeugung radioaktiver Kernarten durch die kosmische Strahlung.- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg (Deutschland). (Mit 10 Figuren).- Summary.- A. Entstehungs-Prozesse.- I. Kosmische Strahlung in der Atmosphäre.- II. Nukleonen-Kaskade, Neutronen-Einfang und Spallation.- III. Einfluß der Höhe und dergeomagnetischen Breite.- IV. Zeitliche Konstanz der Intensität der kosmischen Strahlung.- B. Der radioaktive Kohlenstoff C14.- I. Natürliche Erzeugung.- II. C14-Reservoir.- III. Industrie-Effekt.- IV. C14 aus Kernwaffen-Explosionen.- C. Beryllium.- I. Wirkungsquerschnitte und Erzeugungsraten.- II. Be7 in der Atmosphäre.- III. Beryllium-10.- D. Argon-Spallationsprodukte.- I. Erzeugung.- II. Meßergebnisse.- E. Tritium.- I. Natürliche Erzeugung.- II. Tritium im atmosphärischen Wasserstoff.- III. Tritium in HTO.- IV. Tritium-Bilanz.- F. Radioaktivität in Gesteinen und Meteoriten.- I. Terrestrische Gesteine und Tektite.- II. Meteorite.- III. Strahlungsalter.- Literatur.- Transfer and Circulation of Radioactivity in the Atmosphere.- International Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm (Schweden). (With 16 Figures).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Introduction.- B. Theory of diffusion.- C. Diffusion and transfer of radioactivity in the surface layers of the atmosphere.- I. Diffusion from point sources.- II. Diffusion from a distributed source at the surface of the earth.- D. Small- and intermediate-scale diffusion and circulation of radioactivity in the free atmosphere.- E. Global transfer and circulation of radioactivity in the atmosphere.- I. The general circulation of the atmosphere.- II. Daughter products of radon in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.- III. Radioactivity formed by cosmic radiation in the atmosphere.- IV. The global circulation of the atmosphere as deduced from the distribution and fall-out of artificial radioactivity.- V. Final remarks.- References.- Radioaktive Aerosole.- Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Mainz (Deutschland). (Mit 5 Figuren).- Summary.- A. Die Radioaktivität der Radon- und Thoronzerfallprodukte und ihre Anlagerungan troposphärische Aerosole.- I. Die troposphärischen Aerosole.- II. Die Anlagerung der Radon- und Thoronzerfallsprodukte an die troposphärischen Aerosole.- B. Die durch kosmische Strahlung erzeugten Radioaktivitäten und ihre Anlagerung an stratosphärische Aerosole.- C. Die Aerosole der künstlichen Radioaktivitäten.- I. Die Teilchen im Nahausfall von Atomversuchen.- II. Die Teilchen des mittelfristigen Ausfalls.- III. Teilchen des langfristigen Ausfalls.- IV. Radioaktivitäten von Reaktoren.- Schlußfolgerungen.- Literatur.- Radioactive Precipitations and Fallout.- Office Nationale Météorologique, Paris (Frankreich). (With 23 Figures).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Introduction.- I. Definition.- II. Dry weather deposition.- III. Wet deposition due to atmosphérique moisture.- B. Dynamics of small particles in dry weather conditions.- I. Velocity of fall or “settling velocity” of a small particle.- 1. Expression of the drag resistance.- 2. The terminal velocity.- a) The Cunningham’s correction.- b) The shape factor.- 3. Settling of particles under gravity.- a) Tranquil settling.- b) Stirred settling.- II. Diffusion processes and non-gravitational forces.- 1. Brownian movement.- 2. Diffusion coefficient.- 3. Coagulation of particles.- 4. Thermal diffusion and photophoresis.- 5. Electrostatic and sound vibration actions.- 6. Turbulence as coagulation process.- III. Scavenging due to particle inertia.- C. Wash out processes or wet removal of radioactive particles.- I. Scavenging due to coagulation particle droplet.- II. Scavenging due to condensation processes on cloud droplets.- III. The rain-out of radioactive particles.- IV. Peculiarity of the snow-out processes.- V. Total radioactive balance of wet removal processes.- 1. The specific activity of cloud droplets.-2. Relation between specific activity and the amount of rain fall.- 3. The total specific activity of precipitations.- D. General considerations on the turbulent mixing.- E. The direct ground capture of air activity.- I. Coagulation with soil particles and foliar uptake.- II. Water vapour and ground captures.- 1. Dew and rime formation.- 2. Capillary condensation on dry surfaces.- F. Near future researchs in the fall out field.- General bibliography.- Annoted bibliography.- Biological Aspects.- Biology Department, University of Louisville, Kentucky (USA) and Dr. N. G. STEWART, Head of Health Physics and Medical Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berks. (Great Britain). (With 14 Figures).- Zusammenfassung.- A. Introduction.- B. Nature-given radiations.- I. External radiation sources.- 1. Natural background radiations.- 2. Cosmic radiation.- II. Internal radiation sources.- C. Biological evaluation of the nature-given radiation doses.- I. General principles.- II. Specific effects.- 1. Somatic effects.- 2. Genetic effects.- D. Manmade environmental contamination.- I. Dust from nuclear explosions.- 1. Internal and external sources of radiation.- 2. Movement and deposition of dust from nuclear explosions.- 3. Inhalation and ingestion of fission products from nuclear explosions.- a) Strontium-90.- b) Cesium-137.- c) Iodine-131.- d) Carbon-14.- 4. External radiation from fission products.- 5. Total doses to tissue from nuclear explosions.- II. The disposal of radioactive wastes.- 1. High activity wastes.- 2. Low and medium activity wastes.- 3. Gaseous effluent.- 4. Genetic dose due to effluent discharges.- III. Environmental hazards from accidents to reactors or other nuclear plants.- 1. Accidental release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. The Windscale accident.- 2. Maximum permissible doses to the public in an emergency.- 3. Reactor siting.- Recommendations.- References.- Meßmethoden.- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg (Deutschland). (Mit 9 Figuren).- Summary.- I. Allgemeine Grundsätze für Messung niedriger Aktivitäten.- 1. Statistik.- 2. Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeit.- 3. Nulleffekt-Reduktion.- 4. Elektronik.- 5. Dicke Präparate.- 6. Eichung.- II. Anwendung auf verschiedene Detektoren.- 1. Ionisationskammer.- 2. Geiger-Zähler.- 3. Proportionalzähler.- 4. Szintillationszähler.- 5. Photographische Methoden.- III. Radiochemische Methoden.- 1. Verhalten unwägbarer Substanzmengen.- 2. Arbeitsmethoden.- 3. Spezielle Nuklide.- IV. Probenahme.- 1. Allgemeine Gesichtspunkte.- 2. Gasproben.- 3. Aerosolproben.- 4. Niederschlag und Wasser.- 5. Mineral- und Bodenproben.- V. Messungen an Gasen.- 1. Edelgase.- 2. C14 und H3.- VI. Messungen an Aerosolen und Wasserproben.- 1. Arbeiten mit Aerosolproben.- 2. Messungen an Flüssigkeiten.- 3. Anreicherung von Flüssigkeitsproben.- 4. Analyse des Abfalls.- 5. Energiediskriminierung.- VII. Messungen an Mineral- und Bodenproben.- 1. Messungen von Totalaktivitäten.- 2. a- und y-Spektroskopie.- 3. Messungen mit Photoemulsionen.- 4. Fluorimetrie.- Literatur.- Die Kosmische Strahlung in der Geophysik.- Max-Planck- Institut für Aeronomie, Lindau, Han. (Deutschland). (Mit 23 Figuren).- A. Einleitung.- B. Die primäre galaktische Kosmische Strahlung.- C. Der Einfluß des Magnetfeldes der Erde auf die galaktische Kosmische Strahlung..- I. Die Bewegung der Teilchen.- II. Der Breiteneffekt.- III. Der Längeneffekt.- IV. Die Verteilung über die Erde, die Isokosmen.- D. Die Sekundärstrahlung.- E. Die Meßmethoden.- F. Die Komponenten der galaktischen Strahlung und ihreSekundärstrahlung in der Atmosphäre.- G. Die Modulation der galaktischen Strahlung durch die Sonnentätigkeit.- H. Isotrope und anisotrope Modulation.- J. Modulation der Kosmischen Strahlung und erdmagnetischem Feld.- K. Die solare Kosmische Strahlung.- I. Beobachtungen.- II. Bewegung der solaren Kosmischen Strahlung im Erdfeld.- III. Solare Kosmische Strahlung geringer Energie.- IV. Die Ausbreitung solarer Kosmischer Strahlung.- L. Schlußbetrachtung.- Summary.- Literatur.- Anhang (Tabellen).- Namenverzeichnis.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject Index (English-German).


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9783642490460
  • Publisher: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
  • Publisher Imprint: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Height: 254 mm
  • No of Pages: 460
  • Returnable: Y
  • ISBN-10: 3642490468
  • Publisher Date: 13 Apr 2014
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: German
  • Returnable: Y
  • Width: 178 mm


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